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3rd yr- CSB- Occlusion > Proprioception > Flashcards

Proprioception Flashcards

1
Q

Define proprioception

A

The ability to sense stimuli arising within the body regarding position, motion and equilibrium

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2
Q

Name the 5 components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neurone
  3. Integration centre
  4. Motor neurone
  5. Effector
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3
Q

What does the sensory neurone do

A

It transmits afferent information to the CNS

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4
Q

What is the integration centre

A

One or more synapses in the central nervous system

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5
Q

What does the motor neurone do

A

It conducts efferent impulses to the effector organ

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6
Q

Give an example of an effector

A

Muscle fibre

Gland

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7
Q

What is sensory transduction

A

The conversion of environmental signals to electrochemical impulses

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8
Q

Give some examples of sensory modalities

A
  1. Senses (Touch, hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting)
  2. Pain, balance, body positioning movement
  3. Internal subconscious signals
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9
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

They are structures that are specialised to respond to changes in their environment

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10
Q

What are changes in the environment called

A

Stimulus

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11
Q

What can sensory receptors be

A

Free endings of sensory neurones or specialised sensory structures

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12
Q

What does activation of sensory receptors lead to?

A

Results in local depolarisations that in turn trigger action potentials in the afferent fibres communicating with the CNS

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13
Q

What does sensory transaction require

A
  1. Detection
  2. Amplification
  3. Local receptor potential
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14
Q

What does local receptor potential cause

A

A graded electronic repose that leads to an action potential

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15
Q

What does the magnitude of the receptor potential depend on

A

Strength of the stimulus

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16
Q

When does an action potential occur

A

When the receptor potential is large enough and the neurone reaches the potential energy

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17
Q

What can sensory receptors be classified by

A
  1. Location

2. Function

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18
Q

List some ways sensory receptors can be classified by location

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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19
Q

What are Exteroceptors sensitive to

A

Stimulus outside of the body eg touch pressure. temperature pain

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20
Q

What do Interoceptors response to

A

Stimuli from the body such as internal viscera, blood vessels

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21
Q

What do Proprioceptors do

A

They advise the brain of own movements or position

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22
Q

Where are Proprioceptors located

A

In the:

  1. Skeletal muscles
  2. Tendons
  3. Joint capsules
  4. Ligaments
  5. Connective tissue
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23
Q

List some ways sensory receptors can be classified by function

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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24
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to

A

Touch pressure
Vibration
Stretch

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25
Q

What are Thermoreceptors sensitive to

A

Heat
Cold
Temperature change

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26
Q

What are Photoreceptors sensitive to

A

Light energy

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27
Q

What are chemoreceptors sensitive to

A

Chemical stimuli eg taste, smell, blood content

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28
Q

What are Nociceptors sensitive to

A

Pain (usually chemical)

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29
Q

Name a subgroup of mechanoreceptors

A

Proprioceptors

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30
Q

What does fast adapting refer to when describing receptors

A

Receptors that response to declines rapidly with continuous stimulation eg changes in temperature

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31
Q

What does slow adapting refer to when describing receptors

A

Receptors that contuiout to repose as long as the stimulus is there

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32
Q

What is another term for fast adapting receptors

A

Phasic receptors

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33
Q

Give examples of phasic receptors (fast adapting)

A

Thermoreceptors

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34
Q

What is another term for slow adapting receptors

A

Tonic receptors

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35
Q

Give examples of tonic receptors (slow adapting)

A

Nociceptors

Mechanoreceptors

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36
Q

What happens to mechanoreceptors when they detect a stimuli

A

Stimulus causes membranes to distort at the receptive ending
This results in mechanosenstive ion channels opening

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37
Q

What are some mechanoreceptors specialised to do

A
  1. Some are specialised for fine sensitive perception

2. Some for crude detection

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38
Q

Describe free sensory endings

A

Unencapsulated free nerve endings of sensory neurones

Distal endings have small knoblike swellings

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39
Q

How can free sensory endings be classified based on location

A

Exteroceptors,
interoceptors
proprioceptors

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40
Q

How can free sensory endings be classified based on pain

A

nociceptors
chemoreceptors,
thermoreceptors,
mechanoreceptors

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41
Q

Where are free sensory endings found

A
  1. Most tissues
    Most dense cognitive tissues
    Epithelia
42
Q

What are root hair plexuses

A

Modiefed unencapsulated free nerve ending that entwine basket like in hair follicles

43
Q

How can root hair plexuses be classified based on location

A

Exteroceptors

44
Q

How can root hair plexuses be classified based on stimulus

A

mECHANORECEPTORS

45
Q

Where can root hair plexuses be found

A

In and surrounding hair follicles

46
Q

Describe merkel disks

A

They are unencapsualted free nerve endings associated with disk shaped epidermal cells
They attach to the deeper layers of skin epidermis

47
Q

What is another name for Merkel disks

A

Tactile disks

48
Q

How can Merkel disks be classified based on location

A

exteroceptors

49
Q

How can Merkel disks be classified based on stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors

50
Q

Where can Merkel disks be found

A

At base of the epidermis of skin

Sweat ridges of fingertips

51
Q

What is the function of merkel disks

A

Information regarding pressure and texture of touch

52
Q

Describe Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Single nerve ending surrounded by up to 60 layers of flattened Schwann cells enclosed by connective tissue capsule

53
Q

How can Pacinian Corpuscles be classified based on location

A

exteroceptors,
interoceptors
some proprioceptors

54
Q

How can Pacinian Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors

55
Q

Where can Pacinian Corpuscles be found

A 
Dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin 
Masentery 
Tendors 
Ligaments 
Joint capsules 
Most abundant on fingers 
Soles of feet 
External genitalia 
Nipples
56
Q

What is the function of the Pacinian Corpuscles

A

Sensitivity to pain, pressure and stretch

57
Q

Describe Ruffini’s Corpuscles

A

Spray of branched nerve endings enclosed by a capsule

58
Q

How can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be classified based on location

A

exteroceptors

proprioceptors

59
Q

How can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors

60
Q

Where can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be found

A

Deep in dermis
Hypodermis
Joint capsule

61
Q

What is the function of Ruffini’s Corpuscles

A

Sensitive to stretch

Contributes to kinesthetic sense of/control of finger position and movement

62
Q

Describe Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Small receptors in which few spiralling nerve endings are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg shaped capsule of connective tissue anchoring to the epidermis

63
Q

How can Meissner’s Corpuscles be classified based on location

A

exteroceptors

64
Q

How can Meissner’s Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors

65
Q

Where can Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Dermal papillae of hairless skin particularly lips, nipples, external genitalia, fingertips, eyelids.

66
Q

What is the function of Meissner’s Corpuscles

A

Sensitivity to light touch and changes in texture

67
Q

What are Meissner’s Corpuscles called

A

Tactile Corpuscles

68
Q

Describe Krause’s end bulbs

A

Dendrite like endings are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg shaped capsule of connective tissue

69
Q

How can Krause’s end bulbs be classified based on location

A

Exteroceptors

70
Q

How can Krause’s end bulbs be classified based on stimulus

A

Mechanoreceptors

71
Q

Where can Krause’s end bulbs be found

A

Connective tissue of mucosae (mouth, conjunctiva of eye) and of hairless skin near body openings (lips), genitalia

72
Q

What is the function of Krause’s end bulb

A

Detect low frequency vibration and changes in texture

73
Q

What does Proprioception mean

A

Sense of self

sense of where our limbs are in space

74
Q

What do Proprioceptors in the limbs do

A

They are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length and tension

75
Q

Give examples of different types of Proprioceptors

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
  3. Joint receipts
76
Q

What are phasic receptors

A

Fast adapting receptors

77
Q

What are tonic receptors

A

Slow adapting receptors

78
Q

Describe muscle spindles

A

They are bundles of modified skeletal muscle fibres enclosed in connective tissue capsule

79
Q

What do intrafusal fibres detect

A

Detects stretch and initiate reflex

80
Q

How can muscle spindles be classified based on location

A

proprioceptors

81
Q

How can muscle spindles be classified based on stimulus

A

mechanoreceptors

82
Q

Where can muscle spindles be found

A

Skeletal muscles

83
Q

Name the major proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles

84
Q

What do muscle spindles consist of

A

Stretch receptors inside a skeletal muscle sensitive to the length of the muscle

85
Q

What do muscle spindles contain

A

Contains specialised cells called intrafusal fibres that have nerve endings wrapped around their central regions

86
Q

How are muscle spindles activated

A

Stretch of the muscle stretches this central region and activates the muscle spindle Ia afferents.

87
Q

Where do muscle spindles send impulses to

A

Spinal cords

88
Q

Describe Golgi tendon organs

A

They are small bundles of tenon fibres enclosed in a layered capsule with endings coiling between and around the fibres

89
Q

Where can golgi tendon organs be found

90
Q

Name the second major proprioceptor in muscles

A

Golgi tendon organs

91
Q

What are golgi tendon organs activated by

92
Q

Where does all All proprioceptive information come from

A

from the periphery along sensory afferent nerves via dorsal root ganglion neurones.

93
Q

Where does information from the proprioceptors travel to

A

The spinal cord

94
Q

Describe the pathway information from the cranial regions come from

A

Information from cranial regions (face, oral cavity, etc) enters CNS via trigeminal (V cranial) nerves and trigeminal ganglion

95
Q

What is all sensory information from the limbs and trunk conveyed by

A

DRG neurones

96
Q

What is Somatosensory information from the cranial structures transmitted by

A

trigeminal sensory neurones, which are functionally and morphologically homologous to the DRG neurones.

97
Q

What is the function of DRG neurones

A
  1. stimulus transduction

2. transmission of encoded stimulus info to the CNS

98
Q

Name the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve

A

V1 Ophthalmic
V2 Maxillary
V3 Mandibular

99
Q

What does the ophthalmic nerve do

A

carries sensory information from the scalp and forehead, the upper eyelid, the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, the nose, the nasal mucosa, the frontal sinuses and parts of the meninges

100
Q

What does the maxillary nerve do

A

carries sensory information from the lower eyelid and cheek, the nares and upper lip, the upper teeth and gums, the nasal mucosa, the palate and roof of the pharynx, the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and parts of the meninges.

101
Q

What does the mandibular nerve do

A

carries sensory information from the lower lip, the lower teeth and gums, the chin and jaw, parts of the external ear and parts of the meninges.

3rd yr- CSB- Occlusion (7 decks)

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