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3rd yr- CSB- Occlusion > Proprioception > Flashcards

Proprioception Flashcards

1
Q

Define proprioception

A

The ability to sense stimuli arising within the body regarding position, motion and equilibrium

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2
Q

Name the 5 components of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Sensory neurone
  3. Integration centre
  4. Motor neurone
  5. Effector
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3
Q

What does the sensory neurone do

A

It transmits afferent information to the CNS

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4
Q

What is the integration centre

A

One or more synapses in the central nervous system

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5
Q

What does the motor neurone do

A

It conducts efferent impulses to the effector organ

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6
Q

Give an example of an effector

A

Muscle fibre

Gland

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7
Q

What is sensory transduction

A

The conversion of environmental signals to electrochemical impulses

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8
Q

Give some examples of sensory modalities

A
  1. Senses (Touch, hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting)
  2. Pain, balance, body positioning movement
  3. Internal subconscious signals
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9
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

They are structures that are specialised to respond to changes in their environment

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10
Q

What are changes in the environment called

A

Stimulus

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11
Q

What can sensory receptors be

A

Free endings of sensory neurones or specialised sensory structures

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12
Q

What does activation of sensory receptors lead to?

A

Results in local depolarisations that in turn trigger action potentials in the afferent fibres communicating with the CNS

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13
Q

What does sensory transaction require

A
  1. Detection
  2. Amplification
  3. Local receptor potential
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14
Q

What does local receptor potential cause

A

A graded electronic repose that leads to an action potential

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15
Q

What does the magnitude of the receptor potential depend on

A

Strength of the stimulus

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16
Q

When does an action potential occur

A

When the receptor potential is large enough and the neurone reaches the potential energy

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17
Q

What can sensory receptors be classified by

A
  1. Location

2. Function

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18
Q

List some ways sensory receptors can be classified by location

A
  1. Exteroceptors
  2. Interoceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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19
Q

What are Exteroceptors sensitive to

A

Stimulus outside of the body eg touch pressure. temperature pain

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20
Q

What do Interoceptors response to

A

Stimuli from the body such as internal viscera, blood vessels

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21
Q

What do Proprioceptors do

A

They advise the brain of own movements or position

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22
Q

Where are Proprioceptors located

A

In the:

  1. Skeletal muscles
  2. Tendons
  3. Joint capsules
  4. Ligaments
  5. Connective tissue
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23
Q

List some ways sensory receptors can be classified by function

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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24
Q

What are mechanoreceptors sensitive to

A

Touch pressure
Vibration
Stretch

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25
What are Thermoreceptors sensitive to
Heat Cold Temperature change
26
What are Photoreceptors sensitive to
Light energy
27
What are chemoreceptors sensitive to
Chemical stimuli eg taste, smell, blood content
28
What are Nociceptors sensitive to
Pain (usually chemical)
29
Name a subgroup of mechanoreceptors
Proprioceptors
30
What does fast adapting refer to when describing receptors
Receptors that response to declines rapidly with continuous stimulation eg changes in temperature
31
What does slow adapting refer to when describing receptors
Receptors that contuiout to repose as long as the stimulus is there
32
What is another term for fast adapting receptors
Phasic receptors
33
Give examples of phasic receptors (fast adapting)
Thermoreceptors
34
What is another term for slow adapting receptors
Tonic receptors
35
Give examples of tonic receptors (slow adapting)
Nociceptors | Mechanoreceptors
36
What happens to mechanoreceptors when they detect a stimuli
Stimulus causes membranes to distort at the receptive ending This results in mechanosenstive ion channels opening
37
What are some mechanoreceptors specialised to do
1. Some are specialised for fine sensitive perception | 2. Some for crude detection
38
Describe free sensory endings
Unencapsulated free nerve endings of sensory neurones | Distal endings have small knoblike swellings
39
How can free sensory endings be classified based on location
Exteroceptors, interoceptors proprioceptors
40
How can free sensory endings be classified based on pain
nociceptors chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors
41
Where are free sensory endings found
1. Most tissues Most dense cognitive tissues Epithelia
42
What are root hair plexuses
Modiefed unencapsulated free nerve ending that entwine basket like in hair follicles
43
How can root hair plexuses be classified based on location
Exteroceptors
44
How can root hair plexuses be classified based on stimulus
mECHANORECEPTORS
45
Where can root hair plexuses be found
In and surrounding hair follicles
46
Describe merkel disks
They are unencapsualted free nerve endings associated with disk shaped epidermal cells They attach to the deeper layers of skin epidermis
47
What is another name for Merkel disks
Tactile disks
48
How can Merkel disks be classified based on location
exteroceptors
49
How can Merkel disks be classified based on stimulus
Mechanoreceptors
50
Where can Merkel disks be found
At base of the epidermis of skin | Sweat ridges of fingertips
51
What is the function of merkel disks
Information regarding pressure and texture of touch
52
Describe Pacinian Corpuscles
Single nerve ending surrounded by up to 60 layers of flattened Schwann cells enclosed by connective tissue capsule
53
How can Pacinian Corpuscles be classified based on location
exteroceptors, interoceptors some proprioceptors
54
How can Pacinian Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus
Mechanoreceptors
55
Where can Pacinian Corpuscles be found
``` Dermis and subcutaneous tissue of the skin Masentery Tendors Ligaments Joint capsules Most abundant on fingers Soles of feet External genitalia Nipples ```
56
What is the function of the Pacinian Corpuscles
Sensitivity to pain, pressure and stretch
57
Describe Ruffini’s Corpuscles
Spray of branched nerve endings enclosed by a capsule
58
How can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be classified based on location
exteroceptors | proprioceptors
59
How can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus
Mechanoreceptors
60
Where can Ruffini’s Corpuscles be found
Deep in dermis Hypodermis Joint capsule
61
What is the function of Ruffini’s Corpuscles
Sensitive to stretch | Contributes to kinesthetic sense of/control of finger position and movement
62
Describe Meissner’s Corpuscles
Small receptors in which few spiralling nerve endings are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg shaped capsule of connective tissue anchoring to the epidermis
63
How can Meissner’s Corpuscles be classified based on location
exteroceptors
64
How can Meissner’s Corpuscles be classified based on stimulus
Mechanoreceptors
65
Where can Meissner’s Corpuscles
Dermal papillae of hairless skin particularly lips, nipples, external genitalia, fingertips, eyelids.
66
What is the function of Meissner’s Corpuscles
Sensitivity to light touch and changes in texture
67
What are Meissner’s Corpuscles called
Tactile Corpuscles
68
Describe Krause’s end bulbs
Dendrite like endings are surrounded by Schwann cells and then by a thin egg shaped capsule of connective tissue
69
How can Krause’s end bulbs be classified based on location
Exteroceptors
70
How can Krause’s end bulbs be classified based on stimulus
Mechanoreceptors
71
Where can Krause’s end bulbs be found
Connective tissue of mucosae (mouth, conjunctiva of eye) and of hairless skin near body openings (lips), genitalia
72
What is the function of Krause’s end bulb
Detect low frequency vibration and changes in texture
73
What does Proprioception mean
Sense of self | sense of where our limbs are in space
74
What do Proprioceptors in the limbs do
They are sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length and tension
75
Give examples of different types of Proprioceptors
1. Muscle spindles 2. Golgi tendon organs 3. Joint receipts
76
What are phasic receptors
Fast adapting receptors
77
What are tonic receptors
Slow adapting receptors
78
Describe muscle spindles
They are bundles of modified skeletal muscle fibres enclosed in connective tissue capsule
79
What do intrafusal fibres detect
Detects stretch and initiate reflex
80
How can muscle spindles be classified based on location
proprioceptors
81
How can muscle spindles be classified based on stimulus
mechanoreceptors
82
Where can muscle spindles be found
Skeletal muscles
83
Name the major proprioceptors
Muscle spindles
84
What do muscle spindles consist of
Stretch receptors inside a skeletal muscle sensitive to the length of the muscle
85
What do muscle spindles contain
Contains specialised cells called intrafusal fibres that have nerve endings wrapped around their central regions
86
How are muscle spindles activated
Stretch of the muscle stretches this central region and activates the muscle spindle Ia afferents.
87
Where do muscle spindles send impulses to
Spinal cords
88
Describe Golgi tendon organs
They are small bundles of tenon fibres enclosed in a layered capsule with endings coiling between and around the fibres
89
Where can golgi tendon organs be found
Tendons
90
Name the second major proprioceptor in muscles
Golgi tendon organs
91
What are golgi tendon organs activated by
Tension
92
Where does all All proprioceptive information come from
from the periphery along sensory afferent nerves via dorsal root ganglion neurones.
93
Where does information from the proprioceptors travel to
The spinal cord
94
Describe the pathway information from the cranial regions come from
Information from cranial regions (face, oral cavity, etc) enters CNS via trigeminal (V cranial) nerves and trigeminal ganglion
95
What is all sensory information from the limbs and trunk conveyed by
DRG neurones
96
What is Somatosensory information from the cranial structures transmitted by
trigeminal sensory neurones, which are functionally and morphologically homologous to the DRG neurones.
97
What is the function of DRG neurones
1. stimulus transduction | 2. transmission of encoded stimulus info to the CNS
98
Name the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve
V1 Ophthalmic V2 Maxillary V3 Mandibular
99
What does the ophthalmic nerve do
carries sensory information from the scalp and forehead, the upper eyelid, the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye, the nose, the nasal mucosa, the frontal sinuses and parts of the meninges
100
What does the maxillary nerve do
carries sensory information from the lower eyelid and cheek, the nares and upper lip, the upper teeth and gums, the nasal mucosa, the palate and roof of the pharynx, the maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses and parts of the meninges.
101
What does the mandibular nerve do
carries sensory information from the lower lip, the lower teeth and gums, the chin and jaw, parts of the external ear and parts of the meninges.

3rd yr- CSB- Occlusion (7 decks)

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