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Property Flashcards

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1
Q

What must be in a deed?

A
  1. signed by the grantor
  2. Indicating a real, identifiable grantee
  3. Description of the property
  4. Language of conveyance
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1
Q

Deed Forgery

A

deed is made, altered, completed, or signed by someone other than the grantor. A forged deed is void

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2
Q

Fraud in Inducement

A
  1. material misrepresentation
  2. of past or present fact
  3. by which the perpetrator intended to induce the grantor’s reliance
  4. and the grantor relied to her detriment
    This results in a VOIDABLE deed
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3
Q

Fraud in execution

A

The grantor, through no fault of their own, signs a deed believing it to be something else.
Void

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4
Q

Delivery requirements

A
  1. words or acts of the grantor that demonstrate
  2. a present intent
  3. to transfer a property interest to the grantee
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5
Q

Can delivery be revoked?

A

NO

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6
Q

When will courts presume that delivery occurred?

A
  1. Grantee is in possession of the deed
  2. Grantor recorded the deed
  3. Grantor signs a deed before a notary or other witnesses
  4. Grantor is in possession of the property
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7
Q

Estoppel

A

A grantor might be estopped from denying delivery if 1) the grantor induced the grantee to take possession and 2) to spend money on the property 3) under the reasonable belief that the grantor transferred title

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8
Q

What happens if a Bona Fide purchaser buys from a seller who obtained a deed without legal delivery?

A

BFP has no interest, because seller had nothing to convey

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9
Q

Is acceptance presumed?

A

Yes, unless the property would be a burden on the grantee

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10
Q

Quitclaim deed

A

grantor gives to the grantee whatever interest the grantor has. No covenants of title

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11
Q

Special warranty deed

A

includes all covenants of title and warrants against title defects created by the grantor. Does not warrant against defects made by grantor’s predecessors

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12
Q

General Warranty Deed

A

Includes all covenants of title and warrants against title defects made by grantor and his predecessors

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13
Q

6 covenants of title

A
  1. seisin
  2. right to convey
  3. covenant against encumbrances
  4. quiet enjoyment
  5. warranty
  6. further assurances
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14
Q

seisin

A

warrants that the grantor actually holds a property interest in the land

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15
Q

right to convey

A

warrants that grantor has legal authority to transfer their interest

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16
Q

covenant against encumbrances

A

warrants that there are no encumbrances on the property

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17
Q

What if there are encumbrances on the property?

A

Then they must be in the deed or be open, notorious, and visible (eg. public highways, railways, overhead power lines)

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18
Q

Quiet enjoyment

A

warrants that no one with superior title will disturb grantee’s possession

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19
Q

Warranty

A

warrants that grantor will defend and indemnify grantee against any claims to the property by someone with superior title

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20
Q

Further assurances

A

warrants that the grantor will take whatever steps necessary to perfect grantee’s title

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21
Q

Broker

A

seller’s agent for the purpose of selling property

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22
Q

Broker’s fiduciary duties

A

act in the seller’s best interest, avoid or disclose conflicts of interest, act with diligence to fulfill responsibilities

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23
Q

Listing agreement

A

contract that lays out the agreement between seller and broker

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24
Q

Types of listing agreements

A
  1. Exclusive right to sell
  2. Exclusive agency
  3. Open
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25
Q

Exclusive right to sell

A

broker has the sole authority to sell the property. Broker always gets commission

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26
Q

Exclusive agency

A

Broker will be the seller’s only agent for the sale during the listing period. Broker gets commission unless the seller finds the buyer

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27
Q

Open: listing agreement

A

Broker has nonexclusive right to sell the property. Broker only gets a commission if broker finds a buyer

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28
Q

Federal Fair Housing Act

A

regulates the sale or rental of any living space. Prohibits discrimination based on race, sex, disability, national origin, famial status, color, or religion

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29
Q

Prohibited acts under the FFHA

A
  1. refusing to sell or rent to a bona fide offeror
  2. discriminating in the terms of a contract
  3. advertising any preference or limitation regarding renters or purchasers
  4. misrepresenting the availability of living spaces
  5. refusing to permit reasonable modifications, at occupants expense, to accommodate for a disability
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30
Q

can you waive FFHA protections?

A

NO

31
Q

How to prove an FFHA violation

A

prove that the offender acted with discriminatory intent or that they engaged in a practice that has a discriminatory effect

32
Q

What all is required for a real property sales contract?

A
  1. Writing
  2. Signed by the parties
  3. essential terms (parties names, words indicating intent to buy or sell, description of the property, price)
33
Q

Part performance exception

A

SoF exceptions that will enforce a contract if buyer has done 2/3
1. buyer takes possession of the property
2. has paid some or all of the purchase price
3. OR made substantial improvements to the property
(MONEY DAMAGES UNAVAILABLE)

34
Q

Estoppel exception to SoF

A
  1. Defendant’s actions induce the plaintiff’s reasonable belief that the parties have a sales contract
  2. the plaintiff detrimentally changed position in reliance on the existence of a contract
  3. enforcing the contract is the only way to avoid unfairness, injustice, or fraud
35
Q

Other SoF exceptions

A
  1. defendant admits to there being a contract
  2. Fully performed oral agreement (Buyer takes possession and seller takes the money)
36
Q

When must performance be done? RE a property sales contract

A

Unless the parties make time of the essence than anytime reasonable, even after closing

37
Q

Available remedies for a buyer if a seller breaches

A
  1. Rescission and restitution
  2. Specific Performance, because land is unique
  3. Damages (loss of bargain, liquidated damages, incidental, or consequential damages)
38
Q

Seller’s remedies

A
  1. rescission and restitution
  2. specific performance (unless the property is not unique ie single condo unit)
  3. Damages
39
Q

Right of first refusal

A

A contract that allows the buyer to purchase property at a defined price if the owner decides to sell within a certain time period. Allows the buyer to prevent the seller from selling to a third party until buyer has refused to buy

40
Q

Does a seller have to disclose anything about the property’s condition?

A

Yes, any material defects known to the seller, if those defects could not be reasonably discovered by the buyer

41
Q

What is a material defect?

A

if the defect has a significant effect on the value or desirability of the property

42
Q

Implied Warranty of quality and workmanship

A

seller warrants that the house was built in a careful workmanlike manner (Only applies to people who build and sell houses for a living)

43
Q

What is marketable title?

A
  1. a title that a reasonably prudent buyer would accept under the circumstances
  2. OR a title that is reasonably free from doubt
44
Q

Do zoning laws affecting property affect the marketability of title?

A

No, unless there is an existing violation

45
Q

Equitable conversion

A

Once the parties enter into a contract, the buyer becomes the the equitable owner of the property.

46
Q

Who holds the risk of loss between contract and closing?

A

The buyer

47
Q

What is a mortgage?

A

a lien on real property that secures a debt

48
Q

Two types of mortgages

A
  1. Purchase money mortgage
  2. Future-Advance mortgage
49
Q

Lien theory

A

Mortgage company gets a lien but not title

50
Q

Title theory

A

mortgage company keeps title until the debt is paid

51
Q

Priority of mortgages

A
  1. Purchase money mortgages
  2. Any other mortgage in order of time
52
Q

Special rule RE Future advance mortgages

A

If the mortgage company is required to make disbursements, then they are all treated as one mortgage with a date of the original payment. If they are optional and the company has notice of junior mortgages, then the junior mortgage has priority over all subsequent disbursements

53
Q

Can a man with a mortgaged property sell that property?

A

Yes, however a due on sale clause might apply

54
Q

Due on sale clause

A

Allows the mortgage company to demand the remainder of the debt upon the sale of the property

55
Q

Who remains liable for the mortgage after sale?

A

The original mortgagor, Unless the buyer agrees to assume the mortgage

56
Q

If the buyer assumes the debt, is the seller still liable?

A

Yes secondarily, unless the mortgage company releases them

57
Q

Acceleration clause

A

clause that allows a mortgage company to demand the remainder of the debt upon a default

58
Q

Equity of redemption

A

allows a person to avoid foreclosure by paying the remaining debt plus interest, fees, and costs. must be done before a foreclosure sale

59
Q

Statutory redemeption

A

allows a person to regain their property after the foreclosure sale by paying the foreclosure sale price plus interest and costs

60
Q

Who must statutory redemption payment be made to

A

foreclosure buyer

61
Q

3 types of foreclosure

A
  1. Strict (mortgage company just takes the property)
  2. foreclosure under power of sale (mortgage company sells the property)
  3. judicial foreclosure (court sells the property via auction)
62
Q

Distribution of sale proceeds

A
  1. cost of foreclosure and sale (attorney’s fees and court costs)
  2. the mortgage being foreclosed
  3. all junior mortgages
  4. the man, if any surplus remains
63
Q

Marshaling

A

If a senior creditor can foreclose of two properties owned by one debtor and a junior creditor can only foreclose on one, then courts require the senior creditor to first foreclose on the property that the junior creditor does not have access to.

64
Q

Deeds of trust

A

Property owner obtains a loan from creditor. property owner executes a deed conveying property to a third party. Third party has the right to sell the property upon default and give proceeds to the creditor.

65
Q

Absolute conveyance

A

Property owner (debtor) gives a deed to the creditor. Creditor agrees to either 1) not record the deed until default or 2) to sell the property back to the owner for a nominal amount upon repayment.

66
Q

Sale-Leasebacks

A

Property owner sells property to creditor and leases it from the creditor

67
Q

Installment land contract

A

allows a person to take immediate possession of property while making installment payments over time. Seller retains title until payments are made

68
Q

Equitable mortgage factors

A
  1. debtor retains possession of property
  2. debtor had an acute need for money at the time of transaction
  3. sells the property for less than FMV
  4. pays the buyer an amount greater than the sales price
69
Q

What is the significance of a court finding a transaction is an equitable mortgage?

A

Debtor has protections as if the transaction was a normal mortgage (redemeption)

70
Q

Adverse possession elements

A
  1. continuous
  2. hostile
  3. open and notorious
  4. for the statutory period
  5. exclusive ownership
71
Q

Types of recording acts

A
  1. race (First to record wins)
  2. notice (BFP wins if he lacks notice of other interest holders, recording time is irrelevant)
  3. race-notice (BFP without notice wins if he records first)
72
Q

Estoppel by deed

A

arises if a person without proper title conveys land to a BFP and then the person later gets title. The title automatically transfers to the BFP.
MUST BE CONVEYANCE VIA A WARRANTY DEED. DOES NOT APPLY TO QUITCLAIM

73
Q

Wild deed

A

a deed from a grantor who is outside a later purchaser’s chain of title. (Ex. A to B B does not record, B to C C records. A to D. D would have no notice of C’s interest)

74
Q
A

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