Properties Of Network Traffic Flashcards by Lindsay B.

Transmission media

The physical channel that signals travel to allow nodes to communicate with each other.

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Different types of transmission media can be classified as

cabled or wireless

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Cabled

A physical signal conductor is provided between two nodes. Examples include cable types such as copper or fiber optic cable. Cabled media can also be described as bounded media

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Wireless

Uses free space between nodes (no signal conductor), such as microwave radio. Wireless media can also be described as unbounded media.

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Computers can process only information in what format>

Digital

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Digital signaling uses a transmission technique called

line coding, which is essentially a series of discrete pulses

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An analog signal is characterized by

a smooth sine wave, oscillating between maximum and minimum values over time

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Sampling is also necessary when

an analog input, such as speech, needs to be converted to digital

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The sampling rate must be

twice the signal bandwidth.

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Bandwidth

is the range of frequencies available to the communications channel.

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baseband transmission

meaning that the complete bandwidth of the media is available to a single transmission channel.. Typically used in digital signaling

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bandwidth is measured in units of time called

hertz (Hz)

the number of signaling cycles that can be completed per second

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Having a greater range of frequencies available allows the medium to

carry more information per second

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A signal transmitted over a communications channel consists of a series of events referred to as

symbols

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The number of symbols that can be transmitted per second is called the

baud rate

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bit rate is

the amount of information that can be transmitted, measured in bits per second (bps), or some multiple thereof

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The data rate is determined by a combination of

signaling speed (baud) and encoding method, but also by distance and noise.

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Attenuation

the loss of signal strength, expressed in decibels (dB)

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Noise

anything that gets transmitted within or close to the channel that isn’t the intended signal

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two main types of copper cable

twisted pair and coaxial (coax)

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Copper cable is used to

transmit electrical signals

Electrical signals are susceptible to

interference and dispersion

Examples of impedance in the copper conductor

signals can leak easily from the wire

noise can also leak into the wire

the signal loses strength over long links

Fiber optic cable carries…

very high frequency radiation in the infrared light part of the electromagnetic spectrum

Light signals within fiber optic cables are not susceptible to

interference or noise from other sources. Consequently, fiber optic cable supports higher bandwidth over longer links than copper cable

Radio frequency (RF) propogate

through the air between sending and receiving antennas

Media access control (MAC)

the methods a network technology uses to determine when nodes can communicate on the media and to deal with possible problems, such as two devices attempting to communicate simultaneously.

With controlled or deterministic media access, a central device or system specifies

when and for how long each node can transmit

In a contention-based MAC system

each network node within the same collision domain competes with the other connected nodes for use of the transmission media

The Ethernet protocols governing contention and media access are called

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) protocols

CSMA stands for

Carrier Sense Multiple Access

The two types of CSMA protocols

CSMA/CD with Collision Detection. | CSMA/CA with Collision Avoidance.

unicast traffic

Traffic that is addressed by the sender to a single recipient

broadcast traffic

transmission of the same traffic to multiple nodes

Broadcast domains are normally established by routers, operating at which OSI layer?

Layer 3 (Network)

Why might the baud rate be different from the bit rate?

Baud is the number of symbols measured in Hertz; bit rate is the amount of information;, measured in bits per second. A signaling technique might more than one bit per symbol

With CSMD/CD, what will happen if a transmitting host detects a collision?

The sender will stop transmitting, send a jam signal, and wait before transmit again.

Fast Ethernet

100 mbps

Max distance of 1000BASE-T on UTP (Cat 5e/Cat 6/Cat 6A))

100 m (328 feet)

Max distance of 1000BASE-SX (770 to 850nm) using MMF (OM1: 62.5/125), MMF (OM2: 50/125)

MMF OM1 = 220 m (721 feet) MMF OM2 = 550 m (1804 feet)

The major applications of 10GbE Ethernet are:

Increasing bandwidth for server interconnections and network backbones, especially in data centers and for storage area networks (SAN). Replacing existing switched public data networks based on proprietary technologies with simpler Ethernet switches (Metro Ethernet).

What is an MTU?

Maximum Transmission Unit - The max amount of data (in bytes) that a frame can carry as a payload.

The transceiver component responsible for

physically connecting the node to the transmission medium is implemented in a network adapter, network adapter card, or network interface card/controller (NIC)

The I/G bit (the first bit) of a MAC address determines

whether the frame is addressed to an individual node (0) or a group (1

unicast transmission

When a sending interface addresses a single receiving interface

arp -a (or arp -g)

shows the ARP cache contents.

arp -s

PAddress MACAddress adds an entry to the ARP cache. Under Windows, MACAddress needs to be entered with hyphens between each hex byte.

arp -d

deletes all entries in the ARP cache; it can also be used with IPAddress to delete a single entry

What is an I/G Bit?

The part of a MAC address that determines whether a frame is addressed to an individual node (0) or group (1). The latter is used for multicast and broadcast.

Bounded Media

also called cabled, is a physical signal conductor that connects two nodes. Examples of this type of transmission media are fiber optic cable and copper connections.