Properties of Fructose, Lactose, Caramel Flashcards
What is fructose commonly referred to as?
Fruit sugar
Name two other common natural monosaccharides alongside fructose.
- Glucose
- Galactose
Where is fructose primarily found?
- Almost all fruits
- Sugarcane
- Sugarbeets
- Corn
What are the two hemiketal rings that fructose exists in?
- β-D-fructopyranose
- β-D-fructofuranose
What percentage of fructose in aqueous solution is pyranose?
70%
List two uses of fructose in sugar confectionery.
- Increase sweetness level
- Inhibit crystallisation
What is the melting point range of fructose?
102°-104° C (216°-219° F)
How does fructose compare in sweetness to sucrose?
Approximately twice as sweet
What is the molar mass of fructose?
180.16 g/mol
What is lactose commonly known as?
Milk sugar
What two simpler sugars are linked in the lactose molecule?
- Dextrose
- Galactose
What are the two forms of lactose?
- α
- β
What is mutarotation in relation to lactose?
Interchange between the two isomers in aqueous solution
At equilibrium (0–100 °C), what is the approximate ratio of β to α lactose?
60:40
What is the solubility of β lactose at 20 °C?
0.5 g/mL
What happens to lactose when it crystallises from solutions?
The resultant crystals are large and coarse.
What is the main application for monohydrate lactose?
As a diluent and granulating product in pharmaceutical tablets
What is caramel essentially made from?
Burnt sugar
What are the main sources of sugar for caramel manufacture?
- Invert sugar
- Glucose syrup
- Dextrose-hydrate
What is the significance of the caramelization temperature?
Must be strictly controlled to avoid harsh flavors
What are the four distinct types of caramel color?
- Caramel Color I
- Caramel Color II
- Caramel Color III
- Caramel Color IV
What is maltose composed of?
Two glucose molecules linked by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond
What process gives maltose its name?
Malting
What is the solubility of maltose at 20 °C?
Over 40%
What property allows maltose to enhance the texture of baked goods?
Hygroscopic properties
What is the relative sweetness of a 10% solution of maltose compared to sucrose?
About 46%
What is honey often used for in confectionery?
Manufacture of specialty sweet products
What factors influence the composition of honey?
- Source
- Season of gathering
- Weather at collection time
What defines honey according to the earlier U.S. Food and Drug Act?
Nectar and saccharine exudation of plants gathered, modified, and stored by honey bees
What is the pH range of honey?
3.4-6.1
What is the recommended maximum incorporation of honey in a sweet?
Under 20%
What is the effect of prolonged storage on honey?
Changes in sugar ratios and rising acid content
