Pronunciation and language concepts Flashcards
vowels and lengths
Long
וֹ cholem-vav
י ִ chireq-yod
וּ shureq
Medium
ָ qamets
ֵ tsere
ֹ cholem
Short
ַ patach
ִ chireq
ֻ qibbuts
ֶ segol
ָ qamets-chatuf
Very Short
ֲ chatef-patach
ֱ chatef-segol
ֳ chatef-qamets
Mark David Futato, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 8.
vowels and sounds
- qamets ָ a as in father אָ
2. patach ַ a as in father אַ
3. chatef-patach ֲ a as in father אֲ
4. tsere ֵ ey as in hey אֵ
5. segol ֶ e as in yet אֶ
6. chatef-segol ֱ e as in yet אֱ
7. chireq ִ e as in she אִ
8. chireq-yod י ִ e as in she אִי
9. cholem ֹ o as in snow אֹ
10. cholem-vav וֹ o as in snow אוֹ
11. qibbuts ֻ u as in rule אֻ
12. shureq וּ u as in rule אוּ
13. qamets-chatuf ָ o as in odd אָ
14. chatef-qamets ֳ o as in odd אֳ
vowels and groupings
“a” - cholem-vav, qamets, patach, chatef-patach
“e” - chireq-yod, tsere, chireq, segol, chatef-segol
“u” - shureq, cholem, qibbuts, qamets-chatuf, chatef-qamets
weak dagesh
begadkefat
bet, gimel, dalet, kaf, pe, tov
Make a hard sound (V to B, KH to K, F to P)
If a begadkefat dagesh is after a consonant, it is weak
If a begadkefat dagesh is at the beginning of a word, it is weak.
open syllables
consonant + vowel
closed syllables
consonant + vowel + consonant
silent sheva
if a short vowel comes before the consonant with the sheva, it is silent
vocal sheva
if a sheva is under the first consonant of a word, it is vocal
If a sheva is not behind a short vowel it is vocal
if two shevas are in a row and the first is silent then the second is vocal
strong dagesh
if a dagesh in a consonant other than a begadkefat, it is strong dagesh
if a dagesh in a consonant is in a begadkefat and the sound before is a consonant, it is weak dagesh
if the sound before the begadkefat is a vowel, the dagesh is strong
how to use personal pronouns in a sentence
“I am a father”
They are always the subject of the sentence
The predicate tells something about the subject
For example: אֲנִי אָב (I am a father)
indefinite article (a or an)
does not exist in Hebrew
definite article (the)
Regular words:
הַ (he with a patach under it) and a strong dagesh under the first letter of the word
Words with a he or a khet
הַ with no strong dagesh but the guttural is doubled as if it had a dagesh
Words with an alef, ayin, or resh
הָ - the short vowel is lengthened to a medium vowel
On nouns beginning with הָ חָ and עָ the article is usually הֶ
gutturals
א ה ח ע and ר
Never will have a dagesh
feminine singular (fs)
In general, words that end in ה ָ
Note that there are exceptions to the rule
Parts of the body that come in pairs look masculine but are feminine
feminine plural (fp)
וֹת ending (holem vav tav) - ot
masculine plural (mp)
יִם (yod hireq mem) - eem
dual form (md, fd)
Two days
Used for things that come in natural pairs
Nouns in the dual are marked by the יִם ַ (patach yod hireq mem) ending (ayeem)
יוֹמַיִם (two days)
root
the basic building block of the Hebrew word. Usually three consonants minus the vowels.
for example, the root of מֶלֶךְ (“king”) and מַלְכוּת (“kingdom”) is מלך.
pattern, qal, niphal
pattern is the root plus the characteristic added elements
qal - “light / simple” is the simple active pattern - always third person masculine
niphal - passive - prefixing a nun to the root
All possible conjugations for Hebrew verbs
finite - conjugated for person, gender, and number
perfect, imperfect, and imperative
FPII - Finite perfection - imperfect and imperative.
non-finite = conjugated either for gender and number or not at all
participle, infinitive absolute, and infinitive construct
NF-PA-IA-IC - Non finite part. Infinite atoms. Infinite constructs.
Changing from one conjugation to another changes the use, that is, the time of or the kind of situation expressed by the verb; for example, in the perfect, סָפַר could be translated “he counted,” but translated “he will count” in the imperfect.
Mark David Futato, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 30.
parsing
identifying the elements of a verb
the order for parsing is (1) verb (2) pattern (3) conjugation (4) person (5) gender (6) number (7) root
VPC-PGNR
Vines pulpit commentary. Page number.
For example:
pattern conjugation conjugation person gender number root
הָלַךְ qal perfect 3 m s הלך
Mark David Futato, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 31.
Two types of perfect verbs
There are two types of perfect verbs in the Qal: “action” and “stative.” Whether a given verb is action or stative will often be indicated by the vowel under the second consonant, called the “theme vowel.” The theme vowel of action verbs is patach ( ַ ). The theme vowel of stative verbs is most often tsere ( ֵ ), but sometimes cholem ( ֹ ). Tsere ( ֵ ) as a theme vowel will usually occur only in the 3ms form; in the other forms patach ( ַ ) will occur; for example: כָּבֵד, but כָּבַדְנוּ.
The perfect conjugation is used in a variety of ways. Only two uses are introduced at this point: “definite perfect” and “stative perfect.”
➤ The definite perfect, a use of action verbs, expresses complete action in the past and is best translated into English with a simple past tense.
➤ The stative perfect, a use of stative verbs, expresses a “state of being”; for example, “he is old,” and “she is young,” and is best translated into English with a present tense.
The use of the perfect will be the same in all the patterns, with the exception of the stative perfect, which is a use found only in the qal.
Mark David Futato, Beginning Biblical Hebrew (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2003), 32.
