Pronouns 2 Flashcards
Este livro é o meu favorito. (This book is my favorite.)
Here, “este” (or esta/estes/estas) indicates…
a noun that is within reach of the speaker and the person to whom (s)he is speaking.
Esta casa é muito linda. (This house is very beautiful.)
What does “esta” (or este/estes/estas) indicate here?
“Esta” indicates a noun that is within reach of the speaker and the person to whom (s)he is speaking.
Vou para a universidade esta tarde. (I go to the university this afternoon.)
“Esta” is used here because…
“Este/esta/estas/estos” signify time and proximity.
Quanto custa esse chapéu? (How much does that hat cost?)
Here, “esse” (or essa/esses/essas) indicates…
a noun out of the speaker’s reach or nearer to the listener than the speaker.
Essa camisa é muito cara. (That shirt is very expensive.)
a noun out of the speaker’s reach or nearer to the listener than the speaker.
Aqueles monumentos são os mais antigos da cidade.
Describe the position of the monuments (‘monumentos’) in relation to the speaker and the listener.
Aquele/aqueles/aquela/aquelas (that over there, those over there) indicate that the object is far away from both the speaker and the listener, but still within visual distance.
*Translation: Those monuments over there are the oldest in the city.
Complete the sentence with the appropriate demonstrative adjective: “_______ mulheres são nossas professoras.” (______ women are our teachers.)
The women are far away from both the speaker and the listener, but still within visual distance.
Aquelas (those [over there])
______ dias que passamos na vila no inverno pasado. (_____ days we spent in the village last winter.)
Pick the correct demonstrative adjective and defend your answer.
a) Estes
b) Aqueles
c) Esses
B) Aqueles, because “aquele/aquela/aqueles/aquelas” can be used to distinguish between a recent past and a more distant one.
Naqueles dias, carro não existia. (At that time, a car didn’t exist.)
Here, “aqueles” is used because…
“aquele/aquela/aqueles/aquelas” can be used to distinguish between a recent past and a more distant one.
Combine all four forms of “este” with “de.”
de + ... este = deste esta = desta estes = destes estas = destas
Combine all four forms of “esse” with “de.”
de + ... esse = desse essa = dessa esses = desses essas = dessas
Combine all four forms of “este” with “em.”
em + ... este = neste esta = nesta estes = nestes estas = nestas
Combine all four forms of “esse” with “em.”
em + ... esse = neste essa = nesta esses = nestes essas = nestas
Combine all four forms of “aquele” with “de.”
de + ... aquele = daquele aquela = daquela aqueles = daqueles aquelas = daquelas
Combine all four forms of “aquele” with “em.”
em + ... aquele = naquele aquela = naquela aqueles = naqueles aquelas = naquelas
Combine all four forms of “aaquele” with “a.”
a + ... aquele = áquele aquela = áquela aqueles = áqueles aquelas = áquelas
State this sentence in Portuguese: Those books and those newspapers are on the table.
Word bank:
- livros = books
- jornais = newspapers
- sobre = on
- a = the
- mesa = table
- estão = are
- esses = those
- e = and
Esses livros e esses jornais estão sobre a mesa.
Demonstrative adjectives directly precede the noun they modify. If there are multiple nouns in a sentence, the demonstrative adjective should directly precede each noun.
Este que trabalha aqui é meu irmão. (This one who works here is my brother.)
What is the role of the demonstrative pronoun (este) in this sentence?
Demonstrative pronouns replace nouns in phrases instead of modifying them.
A minha casa é maior do que essa. (My house is bigger than that one.)
True or False: In the sentence above, “essa” is a demonstrative adjective.
False. “Essa” is a demonstrative pronoun.
O bolo é muito grande. (The cake is very big.)
In the above sentence, replace “o bolo” with a demonstrative pronoun.
Este bolo é muito grande. (This [one] is very big.)
Demonstrative pronouns agree in gender and number with the nouns they replace.
To distinguish between demonstrative pronouns and adjectives, you…
don’t. Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are identical in Portuguese.
Translate “Peter’s car and Maria’s,” into Portuguese.
Word Bank:
- carro = car
- e = and
- o = the
O carro de Peter e esse de Maria.
Demonstrative pronoun + de can indicate possession.
Fill in the blank: ____ é fantastico. (That is fantastic.)
Isso (that, neuter)
Neuter demonstrative pronouns are used to refer to genderless things or things of indeterminate gender.
Is the following translation of “What is this?” correct: O que é este? Defend your answer.
No. “Isto” (this, neuter) should be used instead, because the gender is unclear.
List the neuter demonstrative pronouns in Portuguese and their English equivalents.
isto (this)
isso (that, near the listener)
*esses (those)
aquilo (that, far from both the listener and speaker)
*book says esses (m)/essas (f), but that’s illogical
de + isto =
disto
de + isso =
disso
de + aquilo =
daquilo
em + isto =
nisto
em + isso =
nisso
em + aquilo =
naquilo
a + aquilo =
áquilo
Translate “what/which?”
que?/o que? (used interchangeably)
What’s “about what?” in Portuguese?
de que?/do que?
State “who/whom?” in Portuguese.
quem?
In Portuguese, “Whose house is this?” is…
De quem é esta casa?
whose? = do/de quem?
Translate “which?” and “which ones?”
qual? (which); quais? (which ones)
State all versions of “how much/how many?” in Portuguese.
quanto (m. s.)
quanta (f. s.)
quantos (m. pl.)
quantas (f. pl.)
What’s “How are you?” in Portuguese? (Hint: ‘estás/está’ means ‘you are.’)
Como estás?/Como está você?
In Portuguese, “When are you coming?” is…
Hint: vens/vem = you are coming.
Quando vens?/Quando você vem?
Translate “Where is the bathroom?”
Word bank:
- casa-de-banho = bathroom
- fica = is
Onde fica a casa-de-banho?
What’s “Where are you [formal] from?” in Portuguese? (Hint: ‘é’ means ‘you are.’)
De onde é o senhor?
de onde? = from where
State “Why do you say that?” in Portuguese. (Hint: ‘dizes/você diz’ means ‘you say.’)
Por quê dizes isso?/Por quê você diz isso?
O que é isso? (What is that?)
Here, “o que” is used as…
a subject. “(O) que” can be used as a subject, direct object, or object of a preposition.
O que você quer? (What do you want?)
How is “o que” used here?
As a direct object. “(O) que” can be used as a subject, direct object, or object of a preposition.
De que eles falam? (What do they talk about?)
Explain how “que” is being used here.
As an object of a preposition. “(O) que” can be used as a subject, direct object, or object of a preposition.
Quem é ela? (Who is she?)
Here, “quem” is used as…
a subject. “Quem” can be used as a subject, a direct object, or an object of a preposition.
Quem você quer ver? (Who do you want to see?)
What is “quem” being used as here?
As a direct object. “Quem” can be used as a subject, a direct object, or an object of a preposition.
Do quem eles falam? (Who are they talking about?)
How is “quem” used here?
As an object of a prepositon. “Quem” can be used as a subject, a direct object, or an object of a preposition.
Qual é o nome desta rua? (What is the name of this street?)
Here, “qual” is used instead of “quais,” because…
“qual/quais” agrees in number with the person/thing it refers to. Here, “rua” is singular, so the singular “qual” is used.
____ é a razão pela qual ele foi embora? (What is the reason for which he left?)
Fill in the blank and justify your answer.
a) que
b) qual
b) qual
“Qual” is used instead of “que” with ser + abstract noun, except when requesting a definition.
True or false: “What is Buddhism?” in Portuguese is, “Que é o budismo?”
True. “Que” is used instead of “qual” when requesting a definition.
___ música você prefere? (____ music do you prefer?)
Fill in the blank and justify your answer.
a) que
b) qual
a) que
“Que” usually precedes a noun, but “qual” never does.
____ é a sua música favorita? (_____ is your favorite music?)
Fill in the blank and justify your answer.
a) qual
b) que
a) qual
“Que” usually precedes a noun, but “qual” never does.
O que queres? (What do you want?)
Alter the sentence above to add emphasis. Defend your choice.
O que é que queres?
“É que” is often added after the interrogative for emphasis.
Translate and justify your answer: Por que você precisa de um otro carro?
What do you need another car for?
“Porque” means “why,” but “por que” means “what for.”
What’s “What a woman!” in Portuguese? Justify your answer. (Hint: ‘mulher’ means ‘woman.’)
Que mulher!
Que + noun/adjective/adverb! = How/what a noun/adjective/adverb!
State “How delicious!” in Portuguese and explain your answer. (Hint: ‘delicioso’ means ‘delicious.’)
Que delicioso!
Que + noun/adjective/adverb! = How/what a noun/adjective/adverb!
In que + noun constructions, a qualifying adjective after the noun is usually preceded by…
mais/tão (the most/so).
Translate “You have so many friends!” in Portuguese.
Word bank:
- amigos = friends
- tens = you have
Quantos amigos tens!
Quanto + noun! = How many/much noun!
What’s “We ran so much this morning!” in Portuguese? Defend your answer.
Word bank:
manhã = morning
corremos = we ran
Quanto corremos nesta manhã!
“Quanto + verb” is used to stress the intensity or extent of an action.
Translate “How much does this shirt cost?” Justify your translation.
Word bank:
- camisa = shirt
- custa = costs
Quanto custa essa camisa?
“Quanto” and its variants must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
What’s “How many apples do you have?” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word bank:
- maçãs = apples
- tens = you have
Quantas maçãs tens?
“Quanto” and its variants must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify.
State “Oh how that man dances!” in Portuguese. Justify your answer.
Word bank:
- homem = man
- dança = dances
“Como dança esse homem!”
“Como” is used in front of verbs to express surprise at how a verb was done.
The book you bought is interesting.
Is this translation correct: “O livro compraste é interessante”? Explain.
No. It should be “O livro que compraste é interessante,” because the relative pronoun (here, ‘que’) is never omitted.
Peter vive em uma cidade. A cidade se chama Sydney. = Peter vive em uma cidade que se chama Sydney. (Peter lives in a city. The city is called Sydney. = Peter lives in a city [that is] called Sydney.)
What concept does the above example illustrate?
Relative pronouns are used to connect two short sentences.
List the four translations of “as much/many” in Portuguese.
- quanto
- quanta
- quantos
- quantas
Translate “The woman who lives there is my sister.” Explain.
Word bank:
- vive = lives
- irmã = sister
- lá = there
- mulher = woman
A mulher que vive lá é minha irmã.
The relative pronoun “que” can refer to the subject of the sentence.
What’s “The woman who we saw yesterday is my sister” in Portuguese? Defend your answer.
A mulher que vimos ontem é minha irmã.
The relative pronoun “que” can refer to the object of the sentence.
State “The first time I saw him was last week” in Portuguese and explain.
Word bank:
- na semana pasada = last week
- foi = was
- primeira = first
- vi = I saw
- vez = time
A primeira vez que o vi foi na semana pasada.
“Que” is used after nouns denoting periods of time (e.g., vez, dia, ano).
*What relative pronouns may sometimes be used when preceded by a preposition?
o/a/os/as que
*book unclear about this usage
Translate “The house in which I live is big.” Explain.
A casa em que eu vivo é grande.
The relative prounon “que” is used when referring to things and preceded by a preposition.
What’s “The reason why/for which she does it is clear,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word bank:
- razão = reason
- faz = does
- claro = clear
A razão por que ela faz isso é claro.
The relative prounon “que” is used when referring to things and preceded by a preposition.
State “The boy with whom I speak is smart,” in Portuguese. Justify your answer.
Word bank:
- falo = speak
- menino = boy
- inteligente= smart
O menino a quem eu falo é inteligente.
The relative prounon “quem” is used when referring to people and preceded by a preposition.
Is this phrase correct: “a menina quem eu falo a” (the girl whom I speak with)? Explain why or why not.
No. It should be “a menina a quem eu falo,” because, although a preposition can be placed at the end of a relative clause in English, in Portuguese, it should be placed immediately before the associated relative pronoun.
Translate “That car is the one I bought.” Explain.
Word bank:
- comprei = bought
- é = is
- carro = car
Esse carro é o que eu comprei.
The relative pronoun o/a/os/as que means “the one(s) who/that,” can refer to people or things, and can be used as the subject or object of a verb.
What’s “It was he who did it,” in Portuguese?
Word bank:
- foi = it was
- fez = did
Foi ele quem/que fez isso.
The relative pronoun “quem” or “que” can be used in the constructions “it is/was [subject] who [the one/those who/that],” when “ser” introduces the subordinate clause.
The woman with whom I spoke is my professor. (The woman whom I spoke with is my professor.)
Translate the above sentence and justify your translation.
A mulher com quem falei é minha professora.
The relative pronoun “quem” is used to refer to a person and follows a preposition.
*List nine examples of prepositons that the relative pronoun “quem” can follow.
- com
- a
- contra
- entre
- para
- por
- salvo
- segundo
- sobre
*overkill?
*Translate this sentence into formal Portuguese: My friends with whom I studied found a job.
Meus amigos os quais eu estudei encontraram un trabalho.
In written language and official documents, “o qual” is used instead of “que/quem” to distinguish between multiple possible antecedents. It’s normally used with prepositions, and agrees with the antecedent in gender and number.
*break up?
State “What you say is true,” in Portuguese. Defend your answer.
Word bank:
- verdade = true
- dizes/diz = say
- é = is
O que dizes/você diz é verdade.
The neuter relative pronouns o que/o qual are used to replace a general or abstract idea when there is no antecedent.
What’s “I don’t understand what you say,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word bank:
- dizes/dize = say
- entendo = understand
- não = don’t
Não entendo o que dizes/você diz.
The neuter relative pronouns o que/o qual are used to replace a general or abstract idea when there is no antecedent.
Translate “Everything he does is good.” Explain.
Word bank:
- bom = good
- tudo = all/everything
- é = is
- faz = does
Tudo o que ele faz é bom.
The neuter relative pronoun can be combined with “tudo” (all/everything).
*Fill in the blank: Eu tenho um amigo ____ pai é um médico. (I have a friend whose father is a doctor.)
cujo
The relative pronouns “cujo/a/os/as” (‘whose’) denotes ownership, can refer to people or things, and are immediately followed by a noun with which they agree in gender and number.
*too long?
*Complete the sentence: Sandra, ____ irmã tem uma boutique, estuda comigo. (Sandra, whose sister has a boutique, studies with me.)
cuja
The relative pronouns “cujo/a/os/as” (‘whose’) denotes ownership, can refer to people or things, and are immediately followed by a noun with which they agree in gender and number.
*too long?
Esta é a casa em que o ator vive. (This is the house in which the actor lives.)
Rewrite the above sentence without using a preposition and a form of “que.”
Esta é a casa onde o ator vive. (This is the house where the actor lives.)
(‘Onde’ is used to introduce a relative clause that refers to a place or time in order to avoid using a preposition and a form of ‘que.’)
Translate “The museum you are going to is beautiful.”
Word bank:
- museu = museum
- bonito = beautiful
- é = is
- vais = are going
O museu adonde vais é bonito.
‘Onde’ has two variants.
What’s “Where are you from?” in Portuguese? (Hint: és/é = are.)
De onde és/você é?
‘Onde’ has two variants.
Fill in the blank: Eu tenho um exame na semana que vem, ______ teus pais chegam. (I have an exam next week when your parents arrive.)
quando
Translate “I have something for you.” (Hint: ‘tenho’ means ‘have.’) Explain.
Eu tenho algo para ti/você.
“Algo/alguma coisa” is invariable and can be used as a pronoun (referring only to things), meaning “something/anything.”
What’s “Do you want anything?” in Portuguese? Explain. (Hint: ‘quer/queres’ means ‘want.’)
Você quer/tu queres algo/alguma coisa?
“Algo/alguma coisa” is invariable and can be used as a pronoun (referring only to things), meaning “something/anything.”
State “There is someone in the house,” in Portuguese.
Word bank:
- tem = there is
- casa = house
Tem alguém em casa.
In Portuguese, “Has anyone seen John?” is…
Hint: ‘viu’ means ‘has seen.’
Alguém viu John?
Translate: I saw some people in the street.
Word Bank:
- rua = street
- vi = saw
- pessoas = people
- na = in the
Eu vi algumas pessoas na rua.
“Algum/alguma/alguns/algumas” agrees in gender and number and can be used as an adjective or a pronoun that refers to a noun meaning “some/any.”
Uns carros são muito caros. (Some cars are very expensive.)
Change the sentence above so it says “Certain cars are very expensive.” Explain.
Certos carros são muito caros.
“Certo” is an adjective that agrees with the noun it modifies in gender and number. Before the noun, it means “certain.”
Translate “It is not certain.” Explain.
Eu não é certo.
noun + certo = reliable/definite/certain
What’s “Such a profession is prestigious,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word Bank:
- profissão = profession
- prestigiosa = prestigious
Tal profissão é prestigiosa.
“Tal/tais” agrees in number, can come only before a noun, and cannot be followed by an indefinite article.
State “I don’t like such things,” in Portuguese. Justify.
Eu não gosto de tais cosas.
“Tal/tais” agrees in number, can come only before a noun, and cannot be followed by an indefinite article.
I go to Spain every year.
Translate the above sentence and explain.
Word Bank:
- vou = go
- Espanha = Spain
- ano = year
Eu vou à Espanha cada/todo ano.
“Cada” is unchangeable and used as an adjective. “Tudo” would sound more natural in the above translation.
Fill in the blank: _____ escritores são conhecidos neste país. (Several writers are well known in this country.) Explain.
Vários
“Vários/várias” is used as an indefinite adjective and as a pronoun meaning “several.”
Translate: She has a dress of various colors. Explain.
Word Bank:
- cores = colors
- tem = has
- de = of
- vestido = dress
Ela tem um vestido de várias cores.
“Vários/várias” can also mean “varied/different.”
What’s “She has a dress of different colors,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Ela tem um vestido de cores diferentes.
“Diferente/diferentes” can be placed after the noun and agree in number.
Complete the sentence: Eu fui _______ ao cinema. (I went alone to the cinema.) Justify your answer.
só/sozinho (masculine); sozinha (feminine) [pick one]
“Só, sozinho/sozinha” mean “alone.”
O _____ cinema que mostra este filme está no centro da cidade. (The only cinema that shows this film is in the centre of the city.)
Pick which best completes the sentence above and defend your choice.
a) só/sozinho
b) único
b) único
“Único” is used instead of “só, sozinho/sozinha” to say “the only.”
Translate: I have only two hours to work. Explain your answer.
Word Bank:
- horas = hours
- tenho = I have
- trabalhar = to work
- duas = two
- para = to
Eu só tenho duas horas para trabalhar.
“Só” can also be used as an adverb meaning “only.”
What’s “These are enough for me,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Estes são suficientes/bastantes para mim.
When “bastante/suficiente” is used as an adjective or pronoun, it agrees in number.
State “We have enough time to go there,” in Portuguese and defend your answer.
Temos bastante/suficientemente tempo para ir lá.
As an adverb, “bastante/suficientemente” is invariable and used to indicate quality or extent.
Translate “Her house is quite big.”
Word Bank:
- grande = big
- casa = house
- é = is
Sua casa é bastante/suficientemente grande.
As an adverb, “bastante/suficientemente” is invariable and used to indicate quality or extent.
Fill in the blank: Ela tem ______ amigas. (She has many friends.) Justify your answer.
muitas
As an adjective or pronoun, “muito/a/os/as” means “much,” “many,” or “a lot of” and agrees in gender and number.
Translate: They have few friends. Justify.
Word Bank:
- amigos = friends
- têm = have
Eles têm poucos amigos.
As an adjective or pronoun, “pouco/a/os/as” means “few” or “little,” and agrees in gender and number.
Nós temos muito o que fazer. (We have a lot to do.)
Here, “muito” is being used as…
an unchangeable neuter pronoun.
What’s “She works a lot”? Explain. (Hint: ‘trabalha’ means ‘works.’)
Ela trabalha muito.
As an adverb, “muito” means “much” or “a lot.”
State “He smiles a little,” in Portuguese. Explain. (Hint: ‘sorri’ means ‘smiles.’)
Ele sorri pouco.
As an adverb, “pouco” means “little” or “few.”
Translate “It is unlikely.” Defend your answer. (Hint: ‘provável’ means ‘likely.’)
É pouco provável.
As an adverb, “pouco” is used to negate an adjective.
What’s “It is a little strange,” in Portuguese? Justify your answer. (Hint: ‘estranho’ means ‘strange.’)
É um pouco estranho.
When “pouco” is preceded by an indefinite article, it means “a little.”
State “Do you want a little juice?” in Portuguese. Explain your answer.
Word Bank:
- suco = juice
- quer/queres = want
Você quer/queres um pouco de suco?
When referring to quantity, “um pouco” is used with “de,” and the noun that follows has no article.
Fill in the blank: Há _________ gente na rua. (There are too many people in the street.) Explain.
demasiada
“Demasiado/a/os/as” is an adjective or pronoun that means “too much” or “too many.” It agrees in gender and number.
Complete the sentence: Eu trabalhei ______ ontem. (I worked too much yesterday.) Defend your answer.
demais
“Demais” is used instead of “demasiado” as an invariable adverb meaning “too much.”
Translate “The light is too strong.” Explain your answer.
Word Bank:
- forte = strong
- luz = light
A luz é forte demais.
As an unchangeable neuter pronoun, “demais” can mean “too.”
What’s “The whole street is covered in snow,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word Bank:
- neve = snow
- coberta = covered
- rua = street
Toda a rua está coberta de neve.
“Todo” means “all (of)/the whole/the entire” as an adjective. In this case, “todo” can be used with a noun preceded by the definite article, possessive or demonstrative adjectives.
State “All of our friends are nice,” in Portuguese. Explain.
Todos os nossos amigos são gentis.
“Todo” means “all (of)/the whole/the entire” as an adjective. In this case, “todo” can be used with a noun preceded by the definite article, possessive or demonstrative adjectives.
Translate “All of them want to speak Spanish.” Justify your answer.
Word Bank:
- espanhol = Spanish
- falar = speak
- querem = want
Todos eles/elas querem falar espanhol.
“Todo” can precede a pronoun or place name.
What’s “The students are all very smart,” in Portuguese? Defend your answer.
Os alunos são todos muito inteligentes.
As long as it agrees with the noun it modifies, “todo” can be used elsewhere in a sentence.
State “every week, every day,” in Portuguese and defend your response. (Hint: ‘semana’ means ‘week’ and ‘dia’ means ‘day.’)
todas as semanas, todos os dias
“Todo” means “every” when used with definite article + noun referring to time period.
A. um dia inteiro
B. um todo dia
Which sentence best expresses “a whole/an entire day”? Justify your response.
A. um dia inteiro
To express “a whole/an entire,” it’s better to use “inteiro/a/os/as,” which goes with the indefinite article and agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
Translate “I want to know everything that you know.” Explain your response.
Word Bank:
- saber/sabes/sabe = know
- quero = want
Quero saber tudo o que sabes/você sabe.
“Todo/tudo” can be used with relative pronouns.
What are the differences between “tudo” and “todo”?
Todo
- It’s variable.
- It refers to a whole group of things or people.
Tudo
- It is invariable.
- It refers to the totality of things.
- It normally substitutes the elements of a group.
*not in book
What’s “We talked to all those who came,” in Portuguese? Defend your answer.
Word Bank:
- vieram = came
- conversamos = talked
Nós conversamos com todos aqueles que vieram.
“Todo/tudo” can be used with relative pronouns.
Translate “in any case.” Explain.
em todo o caso, em qualquer caso
There are fixed expressions with “todo.” In some cases, however, “qualquer” (any) is more common than “todo.”
What’s “at any time” in Portuguese? Justify your response.
em todos os momentos
There are fixed expressions with “todo.”
State “at all hours” in Portuguese. Defend your answer.
em todas as horas
There are fixed expressions with “todo.”
In Portuguese, “all kinds of” is…
todos os tipos de
There are fixed expressions with “todo.”
Translate “at all costs.” Explain your response.
a todo custo
There are fixed expressions with “todo.”
What’s “everywhere” in Portuguese? Justify your answer.
em toda parte
There are fixed expressions with “todo.”
State “Everyone knows it.”
Todo mundo sabe disso.
‘Todo mundo’ also means ‘everyone.’
Fill in the blank: Eu comprei ____. (I bought everything.)
tudo
As an invariable pronoun, “todo” becomes “tudo” and refers to “all” or “everything” in general.
Translate “That’s what she says to everyone.” Explain.
Isso é o que ela diz a todos.
As a pronoun, “todo” means “all” or “everyone.”
Translate “The rest of the visitors cannot come.” Explain.
Word Bank:
- podem = can
- visitantes = visitors
- vir = come
O resto dos visitantes não podem vir.
“O resto” means “the rest/the others/everything else” and is invariable.
What’s “She phoned me; the rest does not matter,” in Portuguese? Explain.
Word Bank:
- telefonou = phoned
- importa = matters
Ela me telefonou, o resto não importa.
“O resto” means “the rest/the others/everything else” and is invariable.
Fill in the blank: ______ deles veio. (None of them came.) Defend your response.
Nenhum
The indefinite pronoun nenhum/a agrees in gender and means “anyone” or “none.”
Complete the conversation below in Portuguese and explain.
Tens/Você tem alguns presentes para eles? (Do you have any gifts for them?)
____. (None.)
Nenhum
The indefinite pronoun nenhum/a agrees in gender and means “anyone” or “none.”
Ninguém veio. (______ came.)
In the sentence above, the indefinite pronoun “ninguém” means…
no one/nobody
Translate “I see no one/I don’t see anyone.” (Hint: ‘vejo’ means ‘see.’) Explain.
Não vejo ninguém.
The indefinite pronoun “ninguém” means “no one/nobody.” In Portuguese, negative sentences use double negatives.
Fill in the blank: Eu não vejo ____. (I see nothing/I don’t see anything.)
nada
Translate “Both of them came,” as you would see it written.
Hint: vieram = came
Ambos vieram.
“Ambos/as” means “both” and agrees in gender. It’s literary/formal.
When talking to a friend in Portuguese, how would you say, “I spoke to both of them”? Explain.
Hint: conversai = spoke
Eu conversai com os dois/as duas.
“Os dois/as duas” means “both” and agrees in gender. It replaces “ambos” in speech.
What’s “I spoke to both brother and sister,” in Portuguese? Explain your response.
Word Bank:
- irmão = brother
- falei com = spoke to
- irmã = sister
Falei com o irmão e a irmã.
In Portuguese, “both” is used for emphasis and cannot be translated literally.
“Alguns” means…
some/a few
In questions, “algum/alguma/alguns/algumas” mean…
any
As pronouns, “algum/alguma/alguns/algumas” mean…
one/some of them
