Pronouns Flashcards
Specific reference - Central pronouns
Central pronouns reseble noun phrases with THE in normally havng definite meaning and usually specific reference that is typically supplied by the linguistic context, anaphorically or cataphorically
Pronoun IT
Definition
Any singular noun phrase that does not determine reference by he or she is reffered to by it (collectives, noncount concertes, abstractions)
Pronoun IT
Two types
- Anticipatory IT
- Dummy IT
Pronoun IT
Anticipatory IT
Pronoun IT refer to the content of whole sentences and sequences of sentences
(It has to be said that you have lost your job because you did not work hard enough)
Pronoun IT
Dummy IT
Occurs where no plausible sentential reference can be claimed
(It stopped raining)
Different types of using the 1st person plural form
- We as in YOU and I
- Persuasive WE (Political speeches, Scholarly writing)
- Artificial inclusivness (How are we feeling today?)
- Editorial WE
- Royal WE (Extreme form of exclusive WE)
Modification of pronouns
- Adjectives, chiefly in informal exclamations (Poor me!)
- Appositive nouns with plural 1st and 2nd person (Will you others please wait here?)
- Here and there, with 1st person plural and 2nd person respectively (Could you there collect your passports at the desk?)
- Prepositional phrases, with 1st person (usually PL) and 2nd person (It is very much the concern of you/us in the learned professions
- Emphatic reflexives (I myself, She herself)
- Universal pronouns, with plurals (We all accept responsibility)
- Relative Clauses chiefly in formal style (We who fought for this princple will not lightly abandon it)
Largely concerns the personal pronouns with the objective case
In each type, most instances have generic raher then specific reference?
The reflexives
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns that refer back to the subject of the sentence. They are used when the subject and the object of the verb are the same entity. Examples of reflexive pronouns include “myself,” “yourself,” “himself,” “herself,” “itself,” “ourselves,” “yourselves,” and “themselves.”
agreeing with it in gender, number and person
Veronica herself saw the accident
That is it asi z tejto časti nvm skontrolujte
The possessives
Most of the possesive pronouns differ in form according as they functon as determiners or as independent items
* That is my bicycle - That bicycle is mine
!! When empathic (very) own follows a possesive, there is no difference between determiner and independent function
* That is my own bicycle - that bicycle is my own
Pronouns without a person contrast
Relative pronouns - two series
- Wh - items: who, whom, whose, which
- that and zero
I’d like to come and see the house which/that/nič you have for sale
In neither series are there distincions of person or number but in WH we have some distincion of gender and case, with WHO and WHOM the atecedent must have personal gender, with which it must have nonpersonal gender, with whose it’s usually personal but can be also nonpersonal
In series 2 it can be used without reference to gender or function
Pronouns without a person contrast
Difference between who and whom
Who and whom share gender reference, their difference in form reflect the case distinction, subjective and objective within the relative clause
The man who greeted me is a neighbour
The mam whom I greeted is a neighbour
The man to whom I spoke is a neighbour
Pronouns without a person contrast
5 Interrogative pronouns
- Who
- Whom
- Whose
- Which
- What
Aj toto je asi všetko podstatné z tejto časti či?
Pronouns without a person contrast
Demonstrative pronouns
This/These - relative proximity
That/Those - realtive remoteness
Pronouns without a person contrast
Universal Indefinites
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