adjectives and adverbs

Question 1

What are four features of adjectives?

Answer 1

-attributive function
-predicative function
-can be premodified by intensifier
- can take comparative superlative form

Question 2

Define attributive function of an adjective

Answer 2

adjectives can premodify a noun, appearing between the determiner (including zero article) and the head of a noun phrase
eg: an ugly painting, the round table, dirty linen

Question 3

Define predicative function

Answer 3

adjectives can function as subject complement or as object complement
eg: SC- The painting is ugly.
OC- The thought the painting was ugly.

Question 4

Give an example for adjective being pre modified by intensifier

Answer 4

the children are very happy.

Question 5

What are the two types of comparison?

Answer 5

1. by means of inflection- happier, the happiest
2. periphrastic comparison- more intelligent, the most beautiful

Question 6

Do all adjectives posses all four features?

Answer 6

No, last two features may not apply to all adj and it depends on the word gradability.
eg- atomic- are not gradable - very atomic, more atomic - je to kktina

Question 7

What are central adjectives?

Answer 7

Adj which have attributive and predicative function
eg- happy, infinite

Question 8

Give 3 examples when a word can function as a noun and adj

Answer 8

• a criminal attack/ they are criminals
• a black student/ there was only one black in my class
• natural skier/ he is a natural for the job

Question 9

Give an example of an adj only used attributively

Answer 9

utter

Question 10

give an example of an adj only used predicatively

Answer 10

afraid

Question 11

Give an example how the adjective criminal can function predicatively and attributively

Answer 11

A- a criminal attack
P- The attack seemed criminal to us.

Question 12

What are participial adjectives?

Answer 12

• adj that have same suffixes as participles- ing / ed
• when there is no corresponding verb ( to an adj) it is not participle
• when there is no corresponding verb and ed is used it usually have passive meaning

Question 13

Give an example of a participle adjective

Answer 13

surprising, offended

Question 14

What are postpositive adjectives?

Answer 14

they immediately follow the noun or pronoun they modify
eg- something useful

Question 15

What are three positions of adjectives?

Answer 15

1. predicative- this information is useful
2. attributive: useful information
3. postpositive: something useful

Question 16

What can be modified only postpositively?

Answer 16

compound indefinite pronouns and adverbs ending in - body, one, thing, where

Question 17

What adjectives are postpositive?

Answer 17

institutionalized expressions
eg: the president elect, attorney general, proof positive, body politic

Question 18

Adjectives ending in able, ible …

Answer 18

• can be postpositive as well as attributive when they are modified by another adj in the superlative degree
  eg: the best use possible, the greatest insult imaginable, the only actor suitable

Question 19

Appointed, desired, required, followed, past and preceding can….

Answer 19

also be postpositive as well as attributive

Question 20

Adjectives with complementation

their placement

Answer 20

normally cannot have atributive position but require postposition

Question 21

Adjectives with complementation

The complementation can be?

Answer 21

A prepositional phrase or a to infinitive clause
Examples:
I know an actor suitable for the part
The boys easiest to teach were in my class

Question 22

Adjectives with complementation

When is postposition not allowed?

Answer 22

If the adjective is alone or merely premodified by an intensifier

They have a house (much) larger

Question 23

Verbless clauses

Answer 23

adj can function as a realization of a verbless clause or as the head of adj phrase realizing the clause
eg- The man, quite assertively, spoke to the workers.
Unhappy with the results, she returned to the work.
Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.

Question 24

Subject refers to the subject of the sentence BUT…

Answer 24

If the clause contains additional clause, it can be related to noun phrase other than the subject
eg. she looked with disgust at the cat, now sitting in her lap

Question 25

Give an example when adj P can be replaced by adv P

Answer 25

RATHER NERVOUS, the man opened the letter. RATHER NERVOUSLY the man opened the letter. (ofc je tam little change of meaning)

Question 26

Superordinate clause

Answer 26

the implied subject of the clause can be the whole of the superordinate clause. *More remarkable still*, he is in the charge of project.

Question 27

Contigent verbless clauses

Answer 27

type of verbless clause which is often introduced by a subordinator, express the condition under which what is said applies in the superordinate clause eg: *When fit*, the Labrador is an excellent retriever

Question 28

The contigent clause also refers to...

Answer 28

the object of the superordinate clause eg: You must eat it *when fresh*

Question 29

Exclamatory adj clauses

Answer 29

adj can be exclamations, with or without wh element eg: Excellent! How wonderful!

Question 30

What are the syntactic classification of adj

Answer 30

1. attributive only 2. Adjectives relate to nouns 3. Predicative only

Question 31

Attributive only - syntactic classification of ADJ

Answer 31

- restricted to attributive position - do not characterize the referent of the noun directly - for example OLD can be central adj or adj restricted to attributive position eg- big eater , clever liar, heavy smoker

Question 32

adjectives related to nouns

Answer 32

denominal adjectives tend to be restricted to attributive position eg- an atomic scientist, criminal court, polar bear, medical school

Question 33

Predicative only

Answer 33

adj that are restricted to predicative position are most verbs and adverb - they tend to refer to a condition rather than characteristic - most common are those which refer to health he felt ill/poorly/well/brilliant

Question 34

Semantic classification of adj

Answer 34

1. Stative -dynamic 2. gradable- non-gradable

Question 35

Stative-dynamic adj

Answer 35

adj are characteristically stative but many can be seen as dynamic - dynamic are those which are susceptible to subjective measurement

Question 36

Which adj can and can't be dynamic

Answer 36

can't be- TALL X-hes being tall. Be tall. je to kktina can be- funny - He was being funny. Her story was funny

Question 37

Adj that can be use dynamically are:

Answer 37

brave, calm, cheerful, conceited, cruel, foolish, friendly, funny, good, greedy, helpful, jealous, naughty, noisy, tidy

Question 38

Gradable- non gradable adj

Answer 38

- most adj are gradable - gradability is manifested through comparison tall-taller- tallest It is also manifested through modification of intensifiers - so beautiful, extremely beautiful - gradability applies to adverbs as well as adj - alll dynamic and most stative adj are gradable - some stative adj are not - eg- atomic, hydrochloric, British

Question 39

Comparison of adj and adv

Answer 39

with gradable adj and adv there are three types of comparison : A- to a higher degree B- to the same degree C- to a lower degree

Question 40

Noninherent adjectives

Answer 40

A non-inherent adjective is an adjective that cannot be used as a predicative adjective with the same meaning that it has when used as an attributive adjective or a postpositive adjective. For example, in English, old as in my old friend, has a meaning that is different to my friend is old.

Question 41

Comparison to a higher degree

Answer 41

is expressed by the inflected forms - er- set or their periphrastic equivalents with more most eg- Anna is more clever / cleverer than Susan.

Question 42

Comparison to the same degree

Answer 42

is expressed by as , .... as , sometimes so eg - Anna is as/so tall as Jim

Question 43

Comparison to a lower degree

Answer 43

is expressed by less and least eg. this problem is less difficult than the previous one this problem is least difficult

Question 44

Inflected comparison

Answer 44

er- est

Question 45

periphrastic comparison

Answer 45

more, most

Question 46

When is comparative used

Answer 46

used to express a comparison between two persons two items or two sets

Question 47

when superlative is used

Answer 47

when more than two are involved - Jane is the cleverest of her three sisters - with superlative Jane included in the group and compared with the others

Question 48

Reaction signal and initiator

Answer 48

certain other items must be positioned initially - they are important because if their high frequency in spoken English - some are restricted in spoken English - they are assigned I not these two classes

Question 49

Reaction signals

Answer 49

- no, yes, yeah, yep, m, hm , mhm

Question 50

Initiators

Answer 50

well, oh, ah, oh well, well then , why

Question 51

Adverb and preposition

Answer 51

preposition is normally followed by its complement , the particle is and adverb if the verb is intransitive - eg. the plane is has taken off

Question 52

Syntactic function of adverb

Answer 52

- adverb as adverbial - adverb as modifier

Question 53

Adverb as adverbial

Answer 53

adjuncts - *slowly* walked back home, - he spoke about it * briefly* subjuncts - we haven't * yet* finished - would you *kindly* disjuncts - *frankly* im tired - * fortunately* no one complained conjuncts - we, * however*, are going home - she wouldn't have come *anyway*

Question 54

adverb as modifier

Answer 54

modifier of adjective- most common are intensifier or emhasizer eg- extremely dangerous, deeply concerned, really beautiful, very good , quietly assertive, technically available

Question 55

Comparison of adverbs

Answer 55

the comparative and superlative forms are identical with those for corresponding adjectives - good, bad, far and the quantifiers much and little - adv that are identical with adj take inflections if the adjectives do so - fast, hard, late, long quick

Question 56

Inherent adjectives

Answer 56

refer directly to the noun. For example, in the phrase an old woman, the adjective is inherent in the noun woman. We can have, therefore, an old woman and the woman is old. In other words, the adjective can be used attributively (in the first case) or predicatively (in the second case).