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Morphology I > adjectives and adverbs > Flashcards

adjectives and adverbs Flashcards

1
Q

What are four features of adjectives?

A

-attributive function
-predicative function
-can be premodified by intensifier
- can take comparative superlative form

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2
Q

Define attributive function of an adjective

A

adjectives can premodify a noun, appearing between the determiner (including zero article) and the head of a noun phrase
eg: an ugly painting, the round table, dirty linen

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3
Q

Define predicative function

A

adjectives can function as subject complement or as object complement
eg: SC- The painting is ugly.
OC- The thought the painting was ugly.

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4
Q

Give an example for adjective being pre modified by intensifier

A

the children are very happy.

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5
Q

What are the two types of comparison?

A
  1. by means of inflection- happier, the happiest
  2. periphrastic comparison- more intelligent, the most beautiful
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6
Q

Do all adjectives posses all four features?

A

No, last two features may not apply to all adj and it depends on the word gradability.
eg- atomic- are not gradable - very atomic, more atomic - je to kktina

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7
Q

What are central adjectives?

A

Adj which have attributive and predicative function
eg- happy, infinite

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8
Q

Give 3 examples when a word can function as a noun and adj

A
  • a criminal attack/ they are criminals
  • a black student/ there was only one black in my class
  • natural skier/ he is a natural for the job
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9
Q

Give an example of an adj only used attributively

A

utter

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10
Q

give an example of an adj only used predicatively

A

afraid

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11
Q

Give an example how the adjective criminal can function predicatively and attributively

A

A- a criminal attack
P- The attack seemed criminal to us.

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12
Q

What are participial adjectives?

A
  • adj that have same suffixes as participles- ing / ed
  • when there is no corresponding verb ( to an adj) it is not participle
  • when there is no corresponding verb and ed is used it usually have passive meaning
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13
Q

Give an example of a participle adjective

A

surprising, offended

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14
Q

What are postpositive adjectives?

A

they immediately follow the noun or pronoun they modify
eg- something useful

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15
Q

What are three positions of adjectives?

A
  1. predicative- this information is useful
  2. attributive: useful information
  3. postpositive: something useful
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16
Q

What can be modified only postpositively?

A

compound indefinite pronouns and adverbs ending in - body, one, thing, where

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17
Q

What adjectives are postpositive?

A

institutionalized expressions
eg: the president elect, attorney general, proof positive, body politic

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18
Q

Adjectives ending in able, ible …

A
  • can be postpositive as well as attributive when they are modified by another adj in the superlative degree
    eg: the best use possible, the greatest insult imaginable, the only actor suitable
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19
Q

Appointed, desired, required, followed, past and preceding can….

A

also be postpositive as well as attributive

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20
Q

Adjectives with complementation

their placement

A

normally cannot have atributive position but require postposition

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21
Q

Adjectives with complementation

The complementation can be?

A

A prepositional phrase or a to infinitive clause
Examples:
I know an actor suitable for the part
The boys easiest to teach were in my class

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22
Q

Adjectives with complementation

When is postposition not allowed?

A

If the adjective is alone or merely premodified by an intensifier

They have a house (much) larger

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23
Q

Verbless clauses

A

adj can function as a realization of a verbless clause or as the head of adj phrase realizing the clause
eg- The man, quite assertively, spoke to the workers.
Unhappy with the results, she returned to the work.
Long and untidy, his hair played in the breeze.

24
Q

Subject refers to the subject of the sentence BUT…

A

If the clause contains additional clause, it can be related to noun phrase other than the subject
eg. she looked with disgust at the cat, now sitting in her lap

25
Q

Give an example when adj P can be replaced by adv P

A

RATHER NERVOUS, the man opened the letter.
RATHER NERVOUSLY the man opened the letter.
(ofc je tam little change of meaning)

26
Q

Superordinate clause

A

the implied subject of the clause can be the whole of the superordinate clause.
More remarkable still, he is in the charge of project.

27
Q

Contigent verbless clauses

A

type of verbless clause which is often introduced by a subordinator, express the condition under which what is said applies in the superordinate clause
eg: When fit, the Labrador is an excellent retriever

28
Q

The contigent clause also refers to…

A

the object of the superordinate clause
eg: You must eat it when fresh

29
Q

Exclamatory adj clauses

A

adj can be exclamations, with or without wh element
eg: Excellent! How wonderful!

30
Q

What are the syntactic classification of adj

A
  1. attributive only
  2. Adjectives relate to nouns
  3. Predicative only
31
Q

Attributive only - syntactic classification of ADJ

A
  • restricted to attributive position
  • do not characterize the referent of the noun directly
  • for example OLD can be central adj or adj restricted to attributive position
    eg- big eater , clever liar, heavy smoker
32
Q

adjectives related to nouns

A

denominal adjectives tend to be restricted to attributive position
eg- an atomic scientist, criminal court, polar bear, medical school

33
Q

Predicative only

A

adj that are restricted to predicative position are most verbs and adverb
- they tend to refer to a condition rather than characteristic
- most common are those which refer to health
he felt ill/poorly/well/brilliant

34
Q

Semantic classification of adj

A
  1. Stative -dynamic
  2. gradable- non-gradable
35
Q

Stative-dynamic adj

A

adj are characteristically stative but many can be seen as dynamic
- dynamic are those which are susceptible to subjective measurement

36
Q

Which adj can and can’t be dynamic

A

can’t be- TALL X-hes being tall. Be tall.
je to kktina
can be- funny - He was being funny. Her story was funny

37
Q

Adj that can be use dynamically are:

A

brave, calm, cheerful, conceited, cruel, foolish, friendly, funny, good, greedy, helpful, jealous, naughty, noisy, tidy

38
Q

Gradable- non gradable adj

A
  • most adj are gradable
  • gradability is manifested through comparison
    tall-taller- tallest
    It is also manifested through modification of intensifiers - so beautiful, extremely beautiful
  • gradability applies to adverbs as well as adj
  • alll dynamic and most stative adj are gradable
  • some stative adj are not - eg- atomic, hydrochloric, British
39
Q

Comparison of adj and adv

A

with gradable adj and adv there are three types of comparison :
A- to a higher degree
B- to the same degree
C- to a lower degree

40
Q

Noninherent adjectives

A

A non-inherent adjective is an adjective that cannot be used as a predicative adjective with the same meaning that it has when used as an attributive adjective or a postpositive adjective. For example, in English, old as in my old friend, has a meaning that is different to my friend is old.

41
Q

Comparison to a higher degree

A

is expressed by the inflected forms - er- set or their periphrastic equivalents with more most
eg- Anna is more clever / cleverer than Susan.

42
Q

Comparison to the same degree

A

is expressed by as , …. as , sometimes so
eg - Anna is as/so tall as Jim

43
Q

Comparison to a lower degree

A

is expressed by less and least
eg. this problem is less difficult than the previous one
this problem is least difficult

44
Q

Inflected comparison

A

er- est

45
Q

periphrastic comparison

A

more, most

46
Q

When is comparative used

A

used to express a comparison between two persons two items or two sets

47
Q

when superlative is used

A

when more than two are involved
- Jane is the cleverest of her three sisters
- with superlative Jane included in the group and compared with the others

48
Q

Reaction signal and initiator

A

certain other items must be positioned initially
- they are important because if their high frequency in spoken English
- some are restricted in spoken English
- they are assigned I not these two classes

49
Q

Reaction signals

A
  • no, yes, yeah, yep, m, hm , mhm
50
Q

Initiators

A

well, oh, ah, oh well, well then , why

51
Q

Adverb and preposition

A

preposition is normally followed by its complement , the particle is and adverb if the verb is intransitive
- eg. the plane is has taken off

52
Q

Syntactic function of adverb

A
  • adverb as adverbial
  • adverb as modifier
53
Q

Adverb as adverbial

A

adjuncts
- slowly walked back home,
- he spoke about it * briefly*
subjuncts
- we haven’t * yet* finished
- would you kindly
disjuncts
- frankly im tired
- * fortunately* no one complained
conjuncts
- we, * however*, are going home
- she wouldn’t have come anyway

54
Q

adverb as modifier

A

modifier of adjective- most common are intensifier or emhasizer
eg- extremely dangerous, deeply concerned, really beautiful, very good , quietly assertive, technically available

55
Q

Comparison of adverbs

A

the comparative and superlative forms are identical with those for corresponding adjectives - good, bad, far and the quantifiers much and little
- adv that are identical with adj take inflections if the adjectives do so - fast, hard, late, long quick

56
Q

Inherent adjectives

A

refer directly to the noun. For example, in the phrase an old woman, the adjective is inherent in the noun woman. We can have, therefore, an old woman and the woman is old. In other words, the adjective can be used attributively (in the first case) or predicatively (in the second case).

Morphology I (7 decks)

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