Prompting Flashcards
What are the three prompting components?
- Antecedent
- Target Skill
- Consequence
What are the three prompting procedures?
- Least-to-Most
- Graduated Guidance
- Simultaneous Prompting
What is Graduated Guidance Prompting
Teachers and practitioners provide a controlling prompt which ensures the learner will do the skill correctly and then gradually remove the prompt during a teaching activity. As learners begin to use the skill, the prompts are withdrawn, but quickly reinstated if learners regress. Judgments are made during the teaching activity based upon the learner’s response. Failure to appropriately fade prompts can cause the learner to become prompt dependent.
Chained skills that include a physical component and multiple steps such as getting dressed or washing hands.11
What is Least-To-Most Prompting?
A prompt hierarchy with at least three levels used to teach new skills. At the first level, the learner is given the opportunity to respond without prompts. The remaining levels include prompts that proceed from least to most amounts of assistance. The last level is the controlling prompt, which is a prompt that ensures the learner will respond correctly.9-10
Discrete skills (naming pictures, reading words, saying hello)
Chained skills (dressing, washing hands, doing laundry)
What is Simultaneous Prompting?
Instructional and probe sessions are conducted. In the instructional session, the task direction or cue (signal to use target skill) and controlling prompt (prompt that ensures learner will do the target skill successfully) are delivered simultaneously. In the probe sessions, the cue or task direction is delivered without the prompts to monitor progress. Simultaneous prompting is one of the most effective near-errorless teaching procedures and is relatively easy to implement.1, 12-15
Chained skills
Discrete skills
What are the five types of prompts?
- Gestural
- Model
- Physical
- Verbal
- Visual
What is a gestural prompt?
Teachers/practitioners use a gesture to provide the learner information about how to use a target skill or complete a task.
When teaching a learner how to wash hands, the teacher mimics rubbing hands together with soap.
What is a model prompt?
Model prompts involve demonstrating the target skill and are used when verbal or visual prompts are not sufficient in helping the learner use the target skill correctly. Modeling can be used for discrete or chained skills.11 Model prompts can be either full model or partial model. Full model prompts model the target skill for the learner and can be verbal if the target skill is verbal or motor if the target skill involves moving a body part. Partial models also can be either verbal or motor but only model part of the target skill.
A teacher or practitioner might model the steps of washing hands for a full model prompt.
For a partial model prompt, the teacher would only model part of the steps such as turning on the water only halfway.
What is a physical prompt?
Physical prompts are useful when teaching motor behaviors and when the learner does not respond to less restrictive prompts (modeling, gestural, visual, or verbal). Physical prompts can either be full physical prompts or partial physical prompts. For full physical prompts, the teacher or practitioner leads the learner through the task by providing full assistance (e.g. hand-over-hand) to ensure correct use of target skill. For partial physical prompts, the teacher or practitioner provides minimal physical assistance (e.g. taps, nudges, and light pushes) to help the learner use the target skill correctly.
For a full physical prompt, the teacher or practitioner would use hand-over-hand to help the learner to wash hands.
For a partial physical prompt, the teacher or practitioner might nudge the learner to dry hands with a paper towel.
What is a verbal prompt?
Includes any verbal assistance provided to learners to help them use a target skill correctly. Verbal cues range in intensity level from least to most restrictive.
When a learner’s hands are dirty, a teacher could provide a restrictive verbal prompt by giving the direction of “Wash your hands.”
The teacher could also provide a less restrictive verbal prompt by providing a hint such as “What do you do if your hands are dirty?”
What is a visual prompt?
Visual prompts can be used to teach a variety of skills including academics and communication. These prompts might include checklists, schedules, visual instructions, pictures, or photographs.11 Remember to use visual prompts that are developmentally and age appropriate for the learner.
To prompt hand washing, a teacher might provide visual instructions by using photographs or icons of each of the hand washing steps (turning on water, getting soap, rubbing hands together, etc.).
In what context would graduated guidance be appropriate?
The target skill is easily embedded within ongoing routines and activities.
Requires many moment-to-moment decisions about when to apply and fade prompts. Teachers and practitioners need to be comfortable and familiar with prompting to make these decisions.
Chained skills
In what context would least-to-most skills be appropriate
Learner uses target skill, but not consistently.
OR
Learner may be regressing in the use of the target skill.
Discrete skills
Chained skills
In what context will simultaneous prompts be appropriate?
The teacher/practitioner is beginning to work on a new target skill with the learner.
Chained skills
Discrete skills
