Prologue: The Story of Psychology

Question 0

behavior

Answer 0

anything an organism does

Question 1

psychology

Answer 1

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Plato

Answer 2

concluded the mind is separable from the body

Question 3

Aristotle

Answer 3

said that:

a) the soul is not separable from the body
b) knowledge is not preexisting

Question 4

René Descartes

Answer 4

proposed the hydraulics of nerve paths and reflexes; believed some ideas are innate

Question 5

Francis Bacon

Answer 5

introduced illusory correlation

Question 6

John Locke

Answer 6

argued the mind at birth is a “blank slate” on which experience writes

Question 7

empiricism

Answer 7

view that:

a) knowledge originates in experience
b) science should rely on observation and experimentation

Question 8

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 8

established the first psychology lab at University of Leipzig

Question 9

Edward Bradford Titchener

Answer 9

introduced structuralism

Question 11

structuralism

Answer 11

self-reported elements of experiences to explain mind’s structure

Question 12

functionalism

Answer 12

focused on how mental and behavioral processes aided ancestral survival

Question 13

William James

Answer 13

introduced functionalism

Question 14

Mary Whiton Calkins

Answer 14

APA first female president

Question 15

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 15

2nd female APA president; 1st woman to receive psychology PHD

Question 16

Sigmund Freud

Answer 16

emphasized childhood experiences; focused on role of subconscious

Question 17

introspection

Answer 17

self-reporting in reactions

Question 18

John B. Watson

Answer 18

“Little Albert” experiment (classical conditioning)

Question 19

B. F. Skinner

Answer 19

used rewards to teach (operant conditioning)

Question 20

humanistic psychology

Answer 20

emphasized influence of environment on personal growth

Question 21

nature-nurture issue

Answer 21

are human traits innate or developed?

Question 22

natural selection

Answer 22

nature selects the best traits to survive

Question 23

levels of analysis

Answer 23

different views to explain phenomena

Question 24

biopsychosocial approach

Answer 24

includes biological, psychological, social-cultural factors

Question 25

Neuroscience

Answer 25

how the brain and body enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences

Question 26

evolutionary perspective

Answer 26

how natural selection influences behavior tendencies

Question 27

behavior genetics

Answer 27

how our genes, environment influence individual differences

Question 28

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 28

how behavior springs from unconscious drives/conflicts

Question 29

behavioral perspective

Answer 29

how were conditioned to visibly behave

Question 30

cognitive approach

Answer 30

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Question 31

social-cultural perspective

Answer 31

how behavior and thinking vary across cultures

Question 32

What events defined the founding of scientific psychology?

Answer 32

• Wilhelm Wundt’s University of Leipzig psychology lab
• structuralism (using introspection to explain mind structure)
• functionalism (using evolution to explain modern tendencies)

Question 33

What are psychology’s major levels of analysis?

Answer 33

major levels of analysis: biological, psychological, social-cultural
complementary insights: neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural