Prokaryotic Structures (3.3) Flashcards
What are the five bacterial shapes?
Coccus (cocci), bacillus (bacilli), vibrio, spirilla (spirillum), and spirochete
What does bacterial DNA look like?
Circular, double-stranded and tightly coiled
This structure is in some prokaryotes. It is extra-nucleoid region DNA that may encode for antibiotic resistance and can be used in genetic engineering.
Plasmids
Site of protein synthesis. Contains small (30s) and large (50s) subunits that make up the whole structure (70s).
Ribosomes
This structure can be seen in some gram-positive bacteria that become activated when exposed to adverse environmental conditions and aids in the survival of the bacteria.
Endospores
What are the two phases of bacteria that have endospores?
Vegetative (active and growing)
Endospore (sporulation)
How do you kill bacteria with endospores?
Autoclave (pressurized steam)
Selectively permeable border of the cell that contains a phospholipid belayer and proteins.
Plasma membrane
What are the two types of diffusion?
Simple diffusion (throug the bilayer) and facilitated diffusion (needs a protein)
What is the goal of diffusion?
Equalize the concentration gradient
Does diffusion require energy?
No.
What is the passive transport of water?
Osmosis
Does osmosis require energy?
No.
What is it called when a solution has a equal concentration of solutes as a cell?
Isotonic
What happens to a cell in isotonic solution?
It keeps its integrity.
What is it called when a solution has a lower concentration of solutes as a cell?
Hypotonic
What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?
It swells and may burst.
What is it called when a solutions has a higher concentration of solutes as a cell?
Hypertonic
What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?
It shrinks/crenated
What type of transport occurs when solutes are moving across the plasma membrane against the concentration gradient?
Active transport
Does active transport require energy?
Yes.
What cell structure is found in most prokaryotic cells that determines cell shape, maintains integrity, and provides protection?
Cell wall
What two groups are formed when using gram stain?
Gram-positive and gram-negative
What is the main component of the cell wall?
Peptidoglycan
Gram-positive organisms stain what color?
Purple
Gram-negative organisms stain what color?
Pinky-red
You suspect an organism contains mycolic acid. What stain do you use?
Acid-fast stain
What does a positive reaction of mycolic acid look like? What does a negative reaction of mycolic acid look like?
Positive = red, negative = blue
What structure is found in some prokaryotic cells and is a coating outside of the cell wall made of sugars, sometimes with proteins and/or lipids?
Glycocalyx
What are the two types of glycocalyces?
Slime layer and capsule
This attachment appendage is only used for locomotion in aqueous environments.
Flagella
Name the four types of flagellar arrangements.
Monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, peritrichous
