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Microbe Mission > Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What do all cells possess at the simplest level of construction?

A

Cytoplasm, chromosomes, and ribosomes.

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2
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

A gel-like substance made of water and dissolved chemicals needed for growth, contained in the plasma membrane.

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3
Q

What are ribosomes used for?

A

Production of proteins.

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4
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells?

A

They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, and have a single circular chromosome located in a nucleoid.

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5
Q

Which types of cells are prokaryotic?

A

Archaea and Bacteria.

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6
Q

What are the different cell morphologies?

A

Coccus (round), bacillus (rod), vibrio (curved rod), coccobacillus (short rod), spirillum (spiral), spirochete (long, loose helical spiral).

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7
Q

What are the arrangements of cocci?

A

Single coccus, diplococcus (two cocci), tetrad (group of 4 cells), streptococcus (chain of cocci), staphylococcus (cluster of cocci).

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8
Q

What are the arrangements of bacilli?

A

A single rod (bacillus), diplobacillus (two rods), streptobacillus (chain of rods), palisade (V or L shaped formation of rods).

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9
Q

How is morphology maintained in prokaryotic cells?

A

By the cell wall.

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It protects the cells from changes in osmotic pressure.

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The process where water diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane until concentrations become equal.

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12
Q

What are the types of external environments of a cell?

A

Isotonic (equal solute concentrations), hypertonic (solute concentration outside exceeds), hypotonic (solute concentration inside exceeds).

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13
Q

What are prokaryotic chromosomes like?

A

Typically circular, haploid/unpaired, and not bound by a complex membrane.

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14
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small, circular double-stranded DNA molecules found in some cells, often carrying genes that provide advantages like antibiotic resistance.

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15
Q

What are ribosomes responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis.

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16
Q

What are inclusions in prokaryotic cells?

A

Cytoplasmic structures that store excess nutrients and reduce osmotic pressure.

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17
Q

What are types of nutrient inclusions?

A

Glycogen and starches, volutin granules, sulfur granules, and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB).

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18
Q

What are gas vacuoles?

A

Accumulations of small, protein-lined vesicles of gas that allow cells to alter their buoyancy.

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19
Q

What are endospores?

A

Dormant structures that protect the bacterial genome under unfavorable conditions.

20
Q

What is the process of sporulation?

A

The process in which vegetative cells turn into endospores when conditions become unfavorable.

21
Q

What is the difference between vegetative and endospore cells?

A

Vegetative cells are sensitive to temperature and radiation, while endospores are resistant and dormant.

22
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The structure that encloses the cytoplasm and internal structures, exhibiting selective permeability.

23
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

A description of the plasma membrane’s structure, where components move fluidly and consist of diverse lipids and proteins.

24
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules against the concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP).

25
Q

What are photosynthesis structures in some cells?

A

Membrane structures filled with pigments, such as thylakoids in cyanobacteria.

26
Q

What is the primary function of the cell wall?

A

To protect from the outside environment.

27
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polymer that makes up the bacterial cell wall, providing structural integrity.

28
Q

What distinguishes gram-positive from gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin layer and an outer membrane.

29
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

A sugar coat that can form capsules or slime layers, aiding in adhesion and biofilm formation.

30
Q

What are fimbriae and pili?

A

Fimbriae are short bristle-like proteins for attachment, while pili are longer appendages that also aid in attachment.

31
Q

What are flagella used for?

A

Movement in watery environments.

32
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

The movement of bacteria in response to light.

33
Q

What connects the basal body to the filament in bacteria?

A

A hook connects the basal body to the filament.

34
Q

How do Gram + and Gram - bacteria differ?

A

Gram + and Gram - bacteria have different basal body configurations.

35
Q

What is a monotrichous flagellum?

A

A monotrichous flagellum is a single flagellum typically located at one end of the cell (polar).

36
Q

What characterizes amphitrichous flagella?

A

Amphitrichous flagella have a flagellum at each end.

37
Q

What does lophotrichous mean?

A

Lophotrichous means having a tuft of flagella at one end of the cell.

38
Q

What is peritrichous flagellation?

A

Peritrichous flagellation means having tufts of flagella that cover the cell.

39
Q

How do bacteria move directionally?

A

Bacteria can move in response to a variety of signals.

40
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

Phototaxis is the movement of bacteria in response to light.

41
Q

What is magnetotaxis?

A

Magnetotaxis is the movement of bacteria in response to magnetic fields.

42
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Chemotaxis is the movement of bacteria in response to chemical gradients.

43
Q

How do bacteria achieve purposeful movement?

A

Purposeful movement towards something is achieved by increasing the amount of runs and decreasing the tumbles.

44
Q

What direction do bacteria rotate when they run?

A

When bacteria run, they rotate counterclockwise.

45
Q

What happens during tumbling in bacteria?

A

During tumbling, flagella are splayed out rotating in a clockwise direction.

46
Q

What effect does an attractant have on bacterial movement?

A

When an attractant exists, the runs are longer and tumbles shorter, allowing movement towards the higher concentration of the attractant.

Microbe Mission (9 decks)

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