Prokaryotes Pt2

Question 1

How does one conduct the Gram Stain
What is the main difference between gram+/-

Answer 1

Applying various chemical treatments, including a violet colored dye and iodine to bacteria. The color of the bacteria is examined under a microscope
Gram+: bacteria retain the violet dye
Gram-: Bacteria don’t retain the violet dye

Question 2

What is the difference between Gram+ and Gram- bacteria

What is the role of peptidoglycan

Answer 2

The difference is in the morphology and structure of their cell walls
- peptidoglycan absorbs the violet dye of the Gram Stain and causes cells to turn violet
- Gram+ contain more peptidoglycan which is found on the outside of Gram+ cells
- Gram- contains far less peptidoglycan and are not found on the outer-most layer of the cell

Question 3

Why is the Gram Stain important

How is this helpful in the medical field

Answer 3

It provided a method to distinguish among different bacteria. For example, when a person gets ill their bacteria is cultured and apply the Gram stain to ID bacteria

Question 4

Which disease causing bacterias are Gram+/Gram-

Answer 4

Gram+:
- Streptococcus pyogenes- strept throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever
- Streptoccus pneumoniae- bacterial pneumonia
- Staphyloccus aureus- skin infections, toxic shock syndrome
Gram-:
- Salmonella enterica- food poisoning
- Neiserria gonorrhae- gonorrohea

Question 5

What is a difference between bacteria and archaea

Answer 5

Archaea do not contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Question 6

What are the two categories of modes of nutrition for Prokaryotes

Answer 6

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

Question 7

Autotrophs

What are the two kinds

Answer 7

Do not need organic compounds for food. They need Co2 and an energy source and they can synthesize all the organic carbon containing compounds they need for nutrients
Photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs

Question 8

Photoautotrophs

Answer 8

Use light as the source of energy that drives the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2. They synthesize organic compounds by the process of photosynthesis

Question 9

What is the equation for photsynthesis and explain this in words

Answer 9

6CO2+12H20+light yields C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O
- Carbon dioxide (aka inorganic carbon) plus water and light yields glucose (organic carbon), oxygen, and water. Glucose is the organic sugar photautotrophs use to make other organic compounds for life

Question 10

What are the 5 comments about photosynthesis

Answer 10

1)The photosynthetic process is very complex (know that energy is coming from light to drive the synthesis of glucose)
2) Photoautotrophs use glucose as the raw material to make other organic compounds that are needed to sustain life
3) O2 is a byproduct
4) It is not known how photosynthesis evolved
5) Most of life is dependent ultimately on photosynthesis (they were important to major evoluntionary events)

Question 11

ChemoAutotrophs

Answer 11

A type of autrotroph that gets their energy from chemical bonds, not from light. They obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donors in their environment (H2S and NH3 and some organic molecules)

Question 12

What are the two types of chemoautotroph and how do they differ

Answer 12

Chemorganotrophs- Use organic compounds to liberate energy and fix CO2
Chemolithotrophs- Use the chemical reactions of compounds to get energy

Question 13

Heterotrophs

Answer 13

NEED a source of organic carbon for their food

Question 14

What are/define the two types of heterotrophs

Answer 14

Photoheterotrophs- Ogranisms that are capable of capturing energy via photsynthesis but also need a source of organic compounds to survive
Chemoheterotrophs- Organisms that consume organic compounds for both energy and a carbon source (humans, prokaryotes, other animals)