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The Dynamic Cell > Prokaryotes (flashcardable) > Flashcards

Prokaryotes (flashcardable)

1
Q

Why is it important to know about prokaryotes?

A 
Food
Agriculture
Disease
Energy/environment
Biotechnology
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2
Q

Use of prokaryotes and food

A
  • preservation (find ideal enviro)
  • fermentation e.g. beer and yeast
  • food preparation (being more hygienic)
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3
Q

Use of prokaryotes and agriculture

A
  • nitrogen fixation e.g. rhizobium and legumes
  • nutrient cycling
  • animal husbandry e.g. digestion of cellulose in animals
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4
Q

Use of prokaryotes and disease

A
  • better hygiene

- vaccines and antibiotics

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5
Q

Use of prokaryotes and energy/environment

A
  • methanogenic bacteria
    produce methane and harvest light energy
  • microbial biomass and existing waste to create biofuel
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6
Q

Use of prokaryotes and biotechnology

A
  • gm organisms

- producing pharmaceutical and therapeutic chemicals

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7
Q

Prokaryotic cell shape and affect of SA

A
  • diameter of 1um and length of 2 - 50um
  • SA limiting factor: diffusion and also increasing SA ration generates larger population = more mutations and therefore faster evolution (also haploid) so adapt quickly
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8
Q

How bacterial membrane lipids are different from eukaryotic lipid membranes

A
  • bacteria can be saturated or monounsaturated vs eukaryotic is polyunsaturated
  • bacteria have no sterols
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9
Q

What affects the fluidity of bacterial membrane

A
  • temperature: higher temperature is more fluid and lipids can move around
  • longer chains (more carbon) make it more stable
  • is important as prokaryotes cant control their own environment so must be able to adapt
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10
Q

What are the different transport systems in the bacterial membrane

A

Simple system
Group translocation
ABC system

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11
Q

Simple system of transport

A

Driven by energy in proton motive force

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12
Q

Group translocation transport

A 
Chemical modification (phosphorylation) of transported substance 
( driven by phosphoenolpyruvate)
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13
Q

ABC system of transport

A

Periplasmic binding proteins involved

Energy generated by ATP breakdown

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14
Q

Role of the cell membrane

A
  • permeability barrier
  • protein anchor
  • energy production and conservation
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15
Q

Gram neg

A
  • folded cell membrane
  • peptidoglycan cell wall with periplasm and 2 membranes
  • 2nd membrane contains lipopolysaccharide complex
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16
Q

Gram pos

A
  • peptidoglycan wall

- techoic acid (slight neg charge helps bind cell wall and membrane)

17
Q

Lipopolysaccharide complex

A

Polysaccharides (core and O) and A lipid

Associates to several proteins to form membrane and replaces the phospholipids

18
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Only in bacterial cells
Repeating nag and nam sugar derivatives with amino acids
Glycosidic bonds
Amino acids form tetrapeptide bonds between chains = rigidity

(Archaeal pseudo peptidoglycan = nag and Nat)

19
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryote DNA

A 
Pro = haploid vs eu = diploid 
Pro = genome looped and not surrounded by nucleus 
Pro= no nuclear membrane and no simultaneous transcription and translation 
Pro = no proteins for dna packaging
20
Q

Plasmids

A

Circular dna containing genes with special properties e.g anti bac resistance
Helps evolution and can have multiple in a bacteria
Useful for biotech

21
Q

Fimbriae

A

Enables organisms to stick to cells surface and form biofilms on surfaces

22
Q

Pilli

A

Used for conjugation (genetic exchange)

23
Q

Peritrichous = flagella

A

Flagella all the way around the cell

Move via spiralling

24
Q

Polar flagella

A

At one end

Move via whipping

25
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Mutliple at one end

Move via whipping

26
Q

Structure of a flagellum

A

Helical and constant length between curves (like wavelengths)
Grows from base and breaks if too long
L and P ring fixes in place
MS and C ring twists
Fli proteins cause rotation (electrostatic charge enables drive)

27
Q

Para crystalline structures

A

Cell wall type with protein/glycoproteins with hexagonal symmetry
Act as sieve = only allow molecules at certain Mr through (excludes large e.g. viruses)

28
Q

Capsules and slime layers

A

Made either polysaccharides or proteins and constantly replenished
Used for:
Movement and attachment
Bio films
Prevents drying out and desiccation (virus attack)
Marks it hard for phagocytic cells to recognise = immunity

29
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

Orientating along earths magnetic field lines

Some cells contain magnetosomes (little piece of metal) that make this happen

30
Q

Gas vesicles

A

Buoyancy aids = decrease density
Aquatic plants = float and photosynthesise
Spindle shapes and hollow, made of protein

The Dynamic Cell (12 decks)

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