Prokaryotes/Bacteria

Question 1

archaea

Answer 1

organisms that survive at high temperatures (thermophiles)

Question 2

gram-negative

Answer 2

more likely to cause systemic effects because outer membrane is protective of antibiotics

Question 3

ways bacteria genetically recombine

Answer 3

conjugation, transduction, transformation

Question 4

F- and F+ conjugate to form…

Answer 4

creates two F+ positive cells with identical plasmid, not chromosomal DNA

F+ means presence of plasmid that codes for pilus

Question 5

what is bacterial conjugation?

Answer 5

a method of genetic recombination employed by bacteria to help transfer genes that confer an advantage, like antibiotic resistance

Question 6

energy production in prokaryotes

Answer 6

takes place across the plasma membrane, with gradient between extra- and intra-cellular environment providing the appropriate gradient

Question 7

aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 7

cannot use oxygen, but tolerate oxygen

Question 8

obligate anaerobe

Answer 8

harmed by the presence of oxygen

Question 9

cilia

Answer 9

found in protists

Question 10

pseudopodia

Answer 10

unique to eukaryotes

Question 11

pili

Answer 11

primarily for DNA transfer between bacteria during conjugation

Question 12

flagella

Answer 12

found in bacteria, used for locomotion; made of flagellin

useful for chemotaxis (moving towards or away from a chemical)

Question 13

gram-positive bacteria stain

Answer 13

purple

Question 14

coccus/cocci

Answer 14

indicate spherical shape, turn purple under microscope

Question 15

protists

Answer 15

are eukaryotes

• mostly unicellular, some multicellular
• any kind of eukaryote that is NOT a plant, fungus, or animal
• live in moist, aquatic environment
• photosynthesizing protists: algae
• slime mold

Question 16

archaea

Answer 16

1. thermophile - hot temperatures
2. halophile - salty environment
3. methanogen - make methane gas

they have different cell walls/membranes – they are different

Question 17

plants

Answer 17

photosynthesizing protists

Question 18

bacteria

Answer 18

made of capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, and (slime layer)

has ribosomes

does NOT have nucleus, but has a nucleoid area for chromosome

made of circular, double-stranded DNA

some have plasmids (extra pieces of DNA) with important genetic advantage

inclusion bodies - storage sites (because bacteria does not have membrane-bound organelles)

Question 19

bacterial types

Answer 19

cocci (sphere), bacilli (rod), spirilla (spiral)

Question 20

colors of staining

Answer 20

purple - gram positive

pink - gram negative

Question 21

gram positive bacteria

Answer 21

1. plasma membrane
2. thick peptidoglycan layer
3. capsule

Question 22

gram negative bacteria

Answer 22

1.