Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
electron transport chain disorders
found in the mitochondria, which belongs in the egg cells of a female
rough ER
protein production
prokaryote protein manufacturing speed
faster protein production because lack of physical barrier between transcription and translation
cell motility
microfilaments (actin, used in muscles) and microtubules (which comprise cilia and flagella), flagella
micro = movement "tubular flagella = movement" filament = "muscle-fill-actin"
intermediate filaments
the anchors; help the cell retain its shape, not involve in movement - made of keratin or neurofilament
“intermediate structure”
larger than microfilaments, smaller than microtubules
muscle cells
contain sarcoplasmic reticulum, a modified smooth ER that stores calcium (makes contractions efficient), and contains more mitochondria
proteins made in…
ribosome or rough ER, post-translationally modified elsewhere
golgi apparatus
“tags” proteins to the appropriate location, which helps moves proteins around the cell
the “shipping department”
microtubules
cell structure and motility - tubulin is the protein
- found in flagella and cilia
- used in mitotic spindles
origin of replication
eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication, while prokaryotic DNA has only one since it is small and condensed
similarities in DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
both have helicase and gyrase (unzip, untwist)
both are double-helix and coiled
mutations in prokaryotes
more likely than eukaryotes per base pair formed, maybe because it is much faster than eukaryotic transcription (2000bp/s vs 100 bp/s)
Smooth ER
- lipid production (steroids/lipids) - fat-based molecules important for energy storage, membrane structure, and communication
- detoxification (lots of smooth ER in the liver) and metabolizes carbohydrates
“smooth lipids” - more tubular than rough ER, not necessarily continuous with the nuclear envelope
no ribosomes
Rough ER
- protein production for export of the cell
- rough because it is studded with ribosomes
the “production line” - glycosylates the protein, to be transported to the GA
continuous with the nuclear envelope
proteins are destined for the membrane or secreted outside the cell; allows for this specialization to occur
peroxisome
lipid destruction, oxidative enzymes (protects from ROS)
“security and waste removal”
“peroxi-l(ipid)”
lysosome
protein destruction, recycling, and security
“lyso-p(rotein)”
digestion of waste material (its dysfunction is responsible for Tay Sachs disease)
nuclear envelope
made up for 4 membrane layers, in between is called the perinuclear space
the stamp of approval for RNA
when RNA leaves the nucleus, it has to be specially modified, in the form of a cap and tail
nucleolus
responsible for holding DNA that produces ribosomes, and is where ribosomes are assembled and exist via nuclear pores
“nucleolus - ribosomes”
ER
attached to the nuclear envelope; contains folds which enclose the lumen, which is continuous with the perinuclear space
4 locations for GA
- cytosol
- cell membrane - proteins useful for transport, identification
- secretion
- lysosome
cytoskeleton
protein fibers - cell movement and stability
- microfilaments (smallest)
- intermediate filaments
- microtubules (biggest)
microfilaments
made of actin (strong, flexible) responsible for contractions (actin-myosin system)
nucleoplasm
fluid inside the nucleus
nucleolus
function: ribosome assembly, where ribosomal RNA is produced
mitochondria
- contains circular DNA
- self-replicating, makes rRNA, and tRNA and proteins in the ETC, and produces ATP synthase
- has a different system of transcription/translation
- has its own unique genetic code
two spaces: intermembrane space, matrix (where pyruvate dehydrogenase occurs and krebs cycle occurs)
the inner membrane is not permeable, but the outer membrane is permeable
protein synthesis
occurs in cytoplasm or rough ER
cytoplasm: proteins are destined for the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisome, or cytoplasm
rough ER: proteins are destined for secretion or as integral proteins; or ER, golgi, or lysosomes
post-translation modification of proteins
occurs in the rough ER;
ex. formation of disulfide bridges
the secretory pathway
proteins produced in rough ER
golgi apparatus
- modifies proteins made in the rough ER
- sorts and sends proteins to proper destinations
- synthesizes molecules that are secreted from the cell
lysosome
- autophagy - digests parts of cell or other cells
- crinophagy - digests excess secretory products to be recycled by the cell
pH of 5
peroxisome
harnesses H2O2 with catalase to produce H2O
epithelial cells
makes out the outer layer of skin and organs, lines the lumen organs, lines the inside of cavities
make up exocrine and endocrine glands
simple - 1 layer (alveoli of lungs)
stratified - 2 or more layers (chemical or mechanical stress) - esophagus
attached to the basement membrane (fibers like collagen) and receives nutrients via this membrane (no direct blood source)
exocrine
release hormones directly to a target organ, while endo releases to bloodstream
connective tissue (purpose?)
supports tissues; connects tissues; separates different tissues from each other
ex. bone, cartilage, blood, lymph, adipose, membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
connective tissue is made of…
- cells
- ground substance
- fibers
the ground substance and fibers make up the matrix
types of connective tissue
- areolar: bind different types of tissues, provides flexibility and cushioning
- adipose tissue: provides cushioning and stores energy, does not have fibers
- fibrous connective tissue (strong): provides support and shock absorption for bones and organs (found in dermis - middle layer of the skin - tendons, and ligaments)
- blood: no fibers, matrix plasma
- osseous tissue: bone tissue; osteocytes; bone mineral, or hydroxyapatite (collagen fibers with minerals like phosphates, magnesium, and calcium)
- hyaline cartilage - chondrocytes, found on surfaces of joints
animal tissues (4 types)
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
- epithelial
