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KA - Cells > Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

electron transport chain disorders

A

found in the mitochondria, which belongs in the egg cells of a female

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2
Q

rough ER

A

protein production

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3
Q

prokaryote protein manufacturing speed

A

faster protein production because lack of physical barrier between transcription and translation

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4
Q

cell motility

A

microfilaments (actin, used in muscles) and microtubules (which comprise cilia and flagella), flagella

micro = movement "tubular flagella = movement"
filament = "muscle-fill-actin"
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5
Q

intermediate filaments

A

the anchors; help the cell retain its shape, not involve in movement - made of keratin or neurofilament

“intermediate structure”

larger than microfilaments, smaller than microtubules

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6
Q

muscle cells

A

contain sarcoplasmic reticulum, a modified smooth ER that stores calcium (makes contractions efficient), and contains more mitochondria

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7
Q

proteins made in…

A

ribosome or rough ER, post-translationally modified elsewhere

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8
Q

golgi apparatus

A

“tags” proteins to the appropriate location, which helps moves proteins around the cell

the “shipping department”

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9
Q

microtubules

A

cell structure and motility - tubulin is the protein

  • found in flagella and cilia
  • used in mitotic spindles
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10
Q

origin of replication

A

eukaryotic DNA has multiple origins of replication, while prokaryotic DNA has only one since it is small and condensed

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11
Q

similarities in DNA replication between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

both have helicase and gyrase (unzip, untwist)

both are double-helix and coiled

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12
Q

mutations in prokaryotes

A

more likely than eukaryotes per base pair formed, maybe because it is much faster than eukaryotic transcription (2000bp/s vs 100 bp/s)

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A
  1. lipid production (steroids/lipids) - fat-based molecules important for energy storage, membrane structure, and communication
  2. detoxification (lots of smooth ER in the liver) and metabolizes carbohydrates

“smooth lipids” - more tubular than rough ER, not necessarily continuous with the nuclear envelope

no ribosomes

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14
Q

Rough ER

A
  1. protein production for export of the cell
  2. rough because it is studded with ribosomes
    the “production line”
  3. glycosylates the protein, to be transported to the GA

continuous with the nuclear envelope

proteins are destined for the membrane or secreted outside the cell; allows for this specialization to occur

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15
Q

peroxisome

A

lipid destruction, oxidative enzymes (protects from ROS)

“security and waste removal”

“peroxi-l(ipid)”

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16
Q

lysosome

A

protein destruction, recycling, and security

“lyso-p(rotein)”

digestion of waste material (its dysfunction is responsible for Tay Sachs disease)

17
Q

nuclear envelope

A

made up for 4 membrane layers, in between is called the perinuclear space

18
Q

the stamp of approval for RNA

A

when RNA leaves the nucleus, it has to be specially modified, in the form of a cap and tail

19
Q

nucleolus

A

responsible for holding DNA that produces ribosomes, and is where ribosomes are assembled and exist via nuclear pores

“nucleolus - ribosomes”

20
Q

ER

A

attached to the nuclear envelope; contains folds which enclose the lumen, which is continuous with the perinuclear space

21
Q

4 locations for GA

A
  1. cytosol
  2. cell membrane - proteins useful for transport, identification
  3. secretion
  4. lysosome
22
Q

cytoskeleton

A

protein fibers - cell movement and stability

  1. microfilaments (smallest)
  2. intermediate filaments
  3. microtubules (biggest)
23
Q

microfilaments

A

made of actin (strong, flexible) responsible for contractions (actin-myosin system)

24
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid inside the nucleus

25
Q

nucleolus

A

function: ribosome assembly, where ribosomal RNA is produced

26
Q

mitochondria

A
  • contains circular DNA
  • self-replicating, makes rRNA, and tRNA and proteins in the ETC, and produces ATP synthase
  • has a different system of transcription/translation
  • has its own unique genetic code

two spaces: intermembrane space, matrix (where pyruvate dehydrogenase occurs and krebs cycle occurs)

the inner membrane is not permeable, but the outer membrane is permeable

27
Q

protein synthesis

A

occurs in cytoplasm or rough ER

cytoplasm: proteins are destined for the nucleus, mitochondria, peroxisome, or cytoplasm

rough ER: proteins are destined for secretion or as integral proteins; or ER, golgi, or lysosomes

28
Q

post-translation modification of proteins

A

occurs in the rough ER;

ex. formation of disulfide bridges

29
Q

the secretory pathway

A

proteins produced in rough ER

30
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  1. modifies proteins made in the rough ER
  2. sorts and sends proteins to proper destinations
  3. synthesizes molecules that are secreted from the cell
31
Q

lysosome

A
  1. autophagy - digests parts of cell or other cells
  2. crinophagy - digests excess secretory products to be recycled by the cell

pH of 5

32
Q

peroxisome

A

harnesses H2O2 with catalase to produce H2O

33
Q

epithelial cells

A

makes out the outer layer of skin and organs, lines the lumen organs, lines the inside of cavities
make up exocrine and endocrine glands

simple - 1 layer (alveoli of lungs)
stratified - 2 or more layers (chemical or mechanical stress) - esophagus

attached to the basement membrane (fibers like collagen) and receives nutrients via this membrane (no direct blood source)

34
Q

exocrine

A

release hormones directly to a target organ, while endo releases to bloodstream

35
Q

connective tissue (purpose?)

A

supports tissues; connects tissues; separates different tissues from each other

ex. bone, cartilage, blood, lymph, adipose, membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

connective tissue is made of…

A
  1. cells
  2. ground substance
  3. fibers

the ground substance and fibers make up the matrix

37
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  1. areolar: bind different types of tissues, provides flexibility and cushioning
  2. adipose tissue: provides cushioning and stores energy, does not have fibers
  3. fibrous connective tissue (strong): provides support and shock absorption for bones and organs (found in dermis - middle layer of the skin - tendons, and ligaments)
  4. blood: no fibers, matrix plasma
  5. osseous tissue: bone tissue; osteocytes; bone mineral, or hydroxyapatite (collagen fibers with minerals like phosphates, magnesium, and calcium)
  6. hyaline cartilage - chondrocytes, found on surfaces of joints
38
Q

animal tissues (4 types)

A
  1. connective
  2. muscle
  3. nervous
  4. epithelial

KA - Cells (7 decks)

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