Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
Anaerobic
Doesn’t benefit from use of Oxygen for metabolic survival
Aerobic
Requires Oxygen for metabolic survival
Oxygenation of atmosphere
Oxygenic Cyanobacteria created the accumulation of Oxygen in the atmosphere through oxygenic photosynthesis (1-3 bya)
Bacterial plasma membrane
Known as protoplast with everything it contains
Made up of phospholipids composed of phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone
Does not contain cholesterol and may be partially charged on external leaflet
Bacterial envelope
The layer surrounding the cell membrane
Contains bacterial cell wall which is made of peotidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
Series of disaccharide polymer chains with amino acids
Crosslinks between amino acids of different chains (interbridges)
Gram staining
Differential staining technique to reveal the gram type of a bacteria’s cell wall.
Gram-positive will stain purple, prevents violet stain from leaking out
Gram-negative stain pink
Periplasmic space
Space between plasma membrane and cell wall
Contains proteins such as hydrolytic enzymes
More prevalent in gram positive bacteria
Gram negative envelopes
Contain inner cell membrane, layer of peptidoglycan, and outer cell membrane
Outer cell membrane Contains lipopolysaccharides in outer leaflet which can form protective barrier against antibodies and antibiotics
Bacteria flagella
Long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from globular protein called flagellin
Rotate counterclockwise to propel bacterium in a single direction
Rotate clockwise to tumble
Uses proton gradient via giant molecular engine
Chemotaxis
Directed movement towards substances or stimuli that promote survival a d growth of bacterium
Binary fission
One cell splits evenly into two daughter cells with equal cellular contents
Cell budding
Form of cellular division in which a smaller cavity buds off the side of the mother cell with lesser amounts of cellular content
Asymmetric reproduction
Sexual reproduction
Method of recombining genetic information between two individuals of same species to produce genetically distinct individual
DNA replication in Prokaryotes
Two DNA polymerase a begin at same point on circle (origin of replication) and move in opposite directions
Make complementary single strands that combine with template to form two complete ds DNA circles
Exponential Growth
Each organism produces two offspring, offspring each produce two offspring
Conjugation
Method of genetic recombination in prokaryotes in which one cell transfers plasmid via a sex pilus to another cell
Can transfer either F plasmid or R plasmid for antibiotic resistance
Plasmid
Extragenomic DNA which contain nonessential genes to code for specific traits that may be useful depending on response to environment
Episome
A plasmid that can integrate into genome
Conjugative plasmid
A plasmid that possesses the gene for a sex pilus and therefore can be transferred from one bacteria to the next
Sex pilus
Hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow passage of one plasmid to another
F plasmid
Aka Fertility factor
Codes for sex pilus
Bacteria with F factor is F+
If integrated in chromosome (episome), then some or all of chromosome may be transferred
R plasmid
Donates resistance to certain antibiotics and toxins
Also conjugative plasmid
Can be transferred between species of bacteria
Transformation
Method of genetic recombination or Horizontal Gene Transfer
Bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into their genomes
Transduction
Transfer of genetic material by a virus (vector)
Capsid of a bacteriophage mistakenly encapsulates a DNA fragment of host cell
Transposon
Pieces of DNA that are capable of moving from one place to another in genome
Enzyme transposase catalyzes transposon’s removal from and incorporation into chromosome
Eukaryotes

Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
DNA is coiled with histones
mRNA undergoes splicing

Domain of Eukarya
Four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Fungi
Kingdom in Eukarya
Have filaments called hyphae that form masses of mycelium
Hyphae are not really multicellular, but nuclei are divided by thin walls called septa
Photosynthetic autotroph
Organism that uses sunlight for energy to drive the ETC and fix Carbon from CO2 in air
Cephalization
Nervous system like structure with a concentration of nervous tissue at one end
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelle that contains DNA in eukaryotes
Directs activities of the cell
Contains nucleoplasm
Nuclear envelope
Double phospholipid bilayer that wraps the nucleus
Contains nuclear pores which allows RNA to exit nucleus
Nucleolus
Area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and formed into ribosomes
Protein Synthesis
mRNA exits nucleus and attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis.
Translation occurs either in cytoplasm or Rough ER
What are some proteins that will be exported from cell?
Protein hormones, bloodstream proteins
ER lumen
Space inside the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum
Also known as cisternal space
Can be contiguous with outer layer of nuclear envelope
Signal sequence associated with translation
Sequence of amino acids that direct the protein to ER membrane for completion of translation
Protein propelled into ER lumen as it is made
Will then move through ER lumen to Golgi apparatus
Golgi apparatus
Aka golgi complex
Series of flattened, membrane bound sacs whose major functions are packaging and secreting proteins
Small transport vesicles bud off from ER to Golgi
Golgi may alter proteins by glucosylation (addition of carbohydrate) or removal of amino acids
Produces vesicles full of proteins with differing destinations
Secretory vesicles
May contain enzymes, growth factors, or extra cellular matrix components
Release their contents through exocytosis
Can be used to expand cell membrane, contribute proteins, or release hormones to outside of cell
Constitutive secretion
Secretory vesicles continuously released by most cells
Regulated secretion
Specialized cells releasing secretory vesicles in response to certain chemicals or stimuli
Lysosome
Type of vesicles that contains hydrolytic enzymes
Hydrolytic enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules by hydrolysis (acid hydrolases)
Interior pH of 5
Fuse with endocytotic vesicles and digest contents
Can cause programmed cell death or lysis
Extracellular Protein Secretion
Proteins released from cells
Examples include endocrine glands and the liver which release protein hormones and albumin/clotting factors, respectively
Cells that perform this usually has well developed ER and Golgi
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death, indicated by increase in concentration of lysosomes in cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Portion of ER that lacks ribosomes
Usually more tubular structure
Functions differ by cell type
Liver and kidney: contains glucose-6-phosphatase
Muscle cells: Known as sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters Calcium away from actin and myosin
Also lipid metabolism in liver, triglycerides produced in smooth ER and stored in adipocytes
Also oxidizes foreign substances, detoxifies drugs, pesticides, toxins
Peroxisome
Vesicles in cytosol that are involved in production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide
Involved in lipid and protein storage, metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates, synthesis’s d breakdown of lipids, inactivate alcohol, regulate oxygen concentration
Mitochondria
Site of ATP production.
Contain circular DNA that relocates independently from nuclear DNA with no histones or nucleosomes
Mitochondrial DNA passed directly from mother gametes
Cell envelope similar to gram negative bacteria- two phospholipid bilayers
Mitochondria structure
Inner membrane- invaginates to form crustal which hold proteins for ETC of aerobic respiration
Intermembrane space- space between inner and outer membranes
Matrix: holds concentration of ion
Cytoskeleton
Network of filaments that determines structure and motility of cell
Anchors membrane/cellular components, moves components in cell, moves cell
Formed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Hollow tubes made from protein called tubulin
Provide platform for transport within cells
Molecular motors taxi throughout cell using microtubules
Mitotic spindle made of microtubules
Support shape of cell
+ and - end, - end attaches to microtubules organizing center (MTOC) and grows at + end
Tubulin
Globular protein that polymerizes into long straight filaments
13 tubulin filaments form microtubules tube
Centrosome
Major MTOC in animal cells
Composed of a pair of centrioles
* production of flagella and cilia
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia
Made from 9+2 microtubules configurations
* cross bridges made from dynein connect each pair of microtubules
* cross bridges allow sliding, creating whip-like action
Move fluid, causing cell or nearby substances to move
Microfilaments
Actin filaments- interact with myosin to cause muscle contraction
Pinch off cytoplasm during cytokinesis
Intermediate filaments
Maintain cell shape
Not dynamic, but impart structural rigidity
Keratin- type of IF found in skin or hair
