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MCAT Biology > Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Anaerobic

A

Doesn’t benefit from use of Oxygen for metabolic survival

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2
Q

Aerobic

A

Requires Oxygen for metabolic survival

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3
Q

Oxygenation of atmosphere

A

Oxygenic Cyanobacteria created the accumulation of Oxygen in the atmosphere through oxygenic photosynthesis (1-3 bya)

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4
Q

Bacterial plasma membrane

A

Known as protoplast with everything it contains

Made up of phospholipids composed of phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone

Does not contain cholesterol and may be partially charged on external leaflet

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5
Q

Bacterial envelope

A

The layer surrounding the cell membrane

Contains bacterial cell wall which is made of peotidoglycan

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6
Q

Peptidoglycan

A

Series of disaccharide polymer chains with amino acids

Crosslinks between amino acids of different chains (interbridges)

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7
Q

Gram staining

A

Differential staining technique to reveal the gram type of a bacteria’s cell wall.

Gram-positive will stain purple, prevents violet stain from leaking out
Gram-negative stain pink

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8
Q

Periplasmic space

A

Space between plasma membrane and cell wall
Contains proteins such as hydrolytic enzymes

More prevalent in gram positive bacteria

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9
Q

Gram negative envelopes

A

Contain inner cell membrane, layer of peptidoglycan, and outer cell membrane

Outer cell membrane Contains lipopolysaccharides in outer leaflet which can form protective barrier against antibodies and antibiotics

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10
Q

Bacteria flagella

A

Long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from globular protein called flagellin

Rotate counterclockwise to propel bacterium in a single direction

Rotate clockwise to tumble

Uses proton gradient via giant molecular engine

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11
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Directed movement towards substances or stimuli that promote survival a d growth of bacterium

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12
Q

Binary fission

A

One cell splits evenly into two daughter cells with equal cellular contents

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13
Q

Cell budding

A

Form of cellular division in which a smaller cavity buds off the side of the mother cell with lesser amounts of cellular content

Asymmetric reproduction

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14
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Method of recombining genetic information between two individuals of same species to produce genetically distinct individual

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15
Q

DNA replication in Prokaryotes

A

Two DNA polymerase a begin at same point on circle (origin of replication) and move in opposite directions
Make complementary single strands that combine with template to form two complete ds DNA circles

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16
Q

Exponential Growth

A

Each organism produces two offspring, offspring each produce two offspring

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17
Q

Conjugation

A

Method of genetic recombination in prokaryotes in which one cell transfers plasmid via a sex pilus to another cell

Can transfer either F plasmid or R plasmid for antibiotic resistance

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18
Q

Plasmid

A

Extragenomic DNA which contain nonessential genes to code for specific traits that may be useful depending on response to environment

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19
Q

Episome

A

A plasmid that can integrate into genome

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20
Q

Conjugative plasmid

A

A plasmid that possesses the gene for a sex pilus and therefore can be transferred from one bacteria to the next

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21
Q

Sex pilus

A

Hollow protein tube that connects two bacteria to allow passage of one plasmid to another

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22
Q

F plasmid

A

Aka Fertility factor
Codes for sex pilus
Bacteria with F factor is F+

If integrated in chromosome (episome), then some or all of chromosome may be transferred

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23
Q

R plasmid

A

Donates resistance to certain antibiotics and toxins

Also conjugative plasmid

Can be transferred between species of bacteria

24
Q

Transformation

A

Method of genetic recombination or Horizontal Gene Transfer

Bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into their genomes

25
Q

Transduction

A

Transfer of genetic material by a virus (vector)

Capsid of a bacteriophage mistakenly encapsulates a DNA fragment of host cell

26
Q

Transposon

A

Pieces of DNA that are capable of moving from one place to another in genome

Enzyme transposase catalyzes transposon’s removal from and incorporation into chromosome

27
Q

Eukaryotes

A


Cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

DNA is coiled with histones

mRNA undergoes splicing


28
Q

Domain of Eukarya

A

Four Kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

29
Q

Fungi

A

Kingdom in Eukarya

Have filaments called hyphae that form masses of mycelium
Hyphae are not really multicellular, but nuclei are divided by thin walls called septa

30
Q

Photosynthetic autotroph

A

Organism that uses sunlight for energy to drive the ETC and fix Carbon from CO2 in air

31
Q

Cephalization

A

Nervous system like structure with a concentration of nervous tissue at one end

32
Q

Nucleus

A

Membrane bound organelle that contains DNA in eukaryotes

Directs activities of the cell

Contains nucleoplasm

33
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Double phospholipid bilayer that wraps the nucleus

Contains nuclear pores which allows RNA to exit nucleus

34
Q

Nucleolus

A

Area in nucleus where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and formed into ribosomes

35
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

mRNA exits nucleus and attaches to a ribosome for protein synthesis.

Translation occurs either in cytoplasm or Rough ER

36
Q

What are some proteins that will be exported from cell?

A

Protein hormones, bloodstream proteins

37
Q

ER lumen

A

Space inside the walls of the endoplasmic reticulum
Also known as cisternal space
Can be contiguous with outer layer of nuclear envelope

38
Q

Signal sequence associated with translation

A

Sequence of amino acids that direct the protein to ER membrane for completion of translation

Protein propelled into ER lumen as it is made

Will then move through ER lumen to Golgi apparatus

39
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Aka golgi complex
Series of flattened, membrane bound sacs whose major functions are packaging and secreting proteins

Small transport vesicles bud off from ER to Golgi

Golgi may alter proteins by glucosylation (addition of carbohydrate) or removal of amino acids

Produces vesicles full of proteins with differing destinations

40
Q

Secretory vesicles

A

May contain enzymes, growth factors, or extra cellular matrix components

Release their contents through exocytosis

Can be used to expand cell membrane, contribute proteins, or release hormones to outside of cell

41
Q

Constitutive secretion

A

Secretory vesicles continuously released by most cells

42
Q

Regulated secretion

A

Specialized cells releasing secretory vesicles in response to certain chemicals or stimuli

43
Q

Lysosome

A

Type of vesicles that contains hydrolytic enzymes

Hydrolytic enzymes catalyze breakdown of macromolecules by hydrolysis (acid hydrolases)

Interior pH of 5

Fuse with endocytotic vesicles and digest contents

Can cause programmed cell death or lysis

44
Q

Extracellular Protein Secretion

A

Proteins released from cells
Examples include endocrine glands and the liver which release protein hormones and albumin/clotting factors, respectively

Cells that perform this usually has well developed ER and Golgi

45
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death, indicated by increase in concentration of lysosomes in cell

46
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Portion of ER that lacks ribosomes
Usually more tubular structure

Functions differ by cell type
Liver and kidney: contains glucose-6-phosphatase

Muscle cells: Known as sarcoplasmic reticulum, sequesters Calcium away from actin and myosin

Also lipid metabolism in liver, triglycerides produced in smooth ER and stored in adipocytes

Also oxidizes foreign substances, detoxifies drugs, pesticides, toxins

47
Q

Peroxisome

A

Vesicles in cytosol that are involved in production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

Involved in lipid and protein storage, metabolism of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates, synthesis’s d breakdown of lipids, inactivate alcohol, regulate oxygen concentration

48
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP production.
Contain circular DNA that relocates independently from nuclear DNA with no histones or nucleosomes
Mitochondrial DNA passed directly from mother gametes

Cell envelope similar to gram negative bacteria- two phospholipid bilayers

49
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

Inner membrane- invaginates to form crustal which hold proteins for ETC of aerobic respiration

Intermembrane space- space between inner and outer membranes

Matrix: holds concentration of ion

50
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of filaments that determines structure and motility of cell

Anchors membrane/cellular components, moves components in cell, moves cell

Formed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

51
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes made from protein called tubulin

Provide platform for transport within cells
Molecular motors taxi throughout cell using microtubules
Mitotic spindle made of microtubules
Support shape of cell

+ and - end, - end attaches to microtubules organizing center (MTOC) and grows at + end

52
Q

Tubulin

A

Globular protein that polymerizes into long straight filaments

13 tubulin filaments form microtubules tube

53
Q

Centrosome

A

Major MTOC in animal cells

Composed of a pair of centrioles
* production of flagella and cilia

54
Q

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia

A

Made from 9+2 microtubules configurations
* cross bridges made from dynein connect each pair of microtubules
* cross bridges allow sliding, creating whip-like action
Move fluid, causing cell or nearby substances to move

55
Q

Microfilaments

A

Actin filaments- interact with myosin to cause muscle contraction

Pinch off cytoplasm during cytokinesis

56
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Maintain cell shape
Not dynamic, but impart structural rigidity
Keratin- type of IF found in skin or hair

MCAT Biology (14 decks)

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