Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 1

What do large bacteria do to combat SA: volume diffusion?

Answer 1

Invaginated cell membranes increase SA, large intracellular deposits reduce volume, swim

Question 2

Mesophilic

Answer 2

15 - 60 degrees, e.g. geothermal hotsprings

Question 3

Thermophilic

Answer 3

60 - 80 degrees e.g. Yellowstone national park

Question 4

Hypothermophilic

Answer 4

> 80 degrees - colours due to photosynthetic pigments

Question 5

DNA thermostability

Answer 5

unstable about 90 degrees - hypothermophiles have a higher G and C content and histone-like proteins. Higher salt concs also help

Question 6

Halophiles

Answer 6

Tolerance to sale e.g. dead sea - intracellular K+ and glycine

Question 7

Psychrophiles

Answer 7

Grow at 0 degrees, some metabolically active

Question 8

Acidophilus and alklophiles

Answer 8

e.g. ferroplasma pH 0 and spirulina pH 10.5

Question 9

Deinococcus radiodurans

Answer 9

can withstand radiation 3000 higher than would debilitate humans

Question 10

Morphological classification

Answer 10

Colonies, ultrastructural, staining, cilia, flagella, motility mechanisms, endospores, spores, cellular indusions, colour, cell shape and size

Question 11

Physiological and metabolic classification

Answer 11

C + N sources, cell was cons, energy sources, luminescence, O relationships, pH, osmotic potential

Question 12

Ecological classification

Answer 12

Life cycle patterns, symbiotic relationships, disease, habitat preferences

Question 13

Genetic analysis classification

Answer 13

Transformation, conjugation, plasmids, phage-typing

Question 14

Molecular classification

Answer 14

Based on 16S RNA genes

Question 15

Molecular phylogenetics

Answer 15

Nucleotide position = character –> genetic drift and comparisons

Question 16

Genomics

Answer 16

Complete complement of an organism

Question 17

Metagenomics

Answer 17

Nucleic acid of entire microbial communities studies simultaneously –> microbial diversity

Question 18

Bacteria

Answer 18

23 phyla, cell walls peptidoglycan - mesh-like structure. Gram staining sorts into different groups

Question 19

Cyanobacteria

Answer 19

Oxygenic photosynthesis - incurs CO2

Question 20

Proteobacteria

Answer 20

V couples, over 2000 species - 5 classes

Question 21

Firmicules

Answer 21

Low G + C gram +ves -> 3 classes

Question 22

Actinobacteria

Answer 22

High G+C gram +ves e.g. mycobacteria, mycelia acids in cell walls, streptomycin soil - antobiotics

Question 23

Spirochetes

Answer 23

Helically shapes, motile, gram -ve, human pathogen

Question 24

Archea

Answer 24

5 phyla, gram +ve/-ve, spherical rod shaped, spiral, lobed, cuboidal, triangular etc.
Cell structure + metabolic systems like bacteria
DNA replication, transcription and translation like eukaryotes

Question 25

Viruses

Answer 25

Simple, cellular entities. Produce only within living cells –> obligate intracellular parasites, nucleocapsid (nucleic acid genome) and protein capsid

Question 26

Protists

Answer 26

Eukaryotes, not plants, animals or fungi or a formal taxa. Not pylogentically related, but paraphyletic (common ancestor, but not all I’m group). Some motile, most unicellular

Question 27

Endosymbiosis

Answer 27

Of chloroplasts and mitochondria (gene transfer) - prokaryote –> eukaryote = flexible cell surface , larger interloping increase SA

Question 28

PSeudopods

Answer 28

Network of cytoskeletal microfilaments that squeezes cytoplasm forward

Question 29

Chromalveolate: dinoflagellates

Answer 29

Marine, primary producers, golden brown, some photosynthetic, endosymbionts, some non-photo parasites, 2 flagella

Question 30

Plantae: red algae

Answer 30

Marine, multicellular and attach substratum, holdfast red = pigment which varies in amounts, some secrete CaCO3

Question 31

Excavates

Answer 31

euglenoids - unicellular and flagella (crystalline rods), mitochondria disc-shaped cristae

Question 32

Rhizaria: fradiolarians

Answer 32

Process thin, stiff pseudopods, reinforced by micro tubules, increasing SA for exchange and help float. All marine, secrete glassy endoskeletons, elaborate designed with radial symmetry

Question 33

Unikonts: slime moulds

Answer 33

Plasmodial/cellular, all motile, endocytosis, form spores on fruiting bodies, cool and moist habitats, forest unfavourable conditions. Cells aggregate and release spores