Plants Flashcards
Synamorphy
Development from an embryo protected by tissues of parent plant
Streptophytes
Include land plants and green algae
Green plants
Streptophytes plus all other green algae. Chlorophyll v
Vascular plants or tracheophytes
Conducting cells - tracheids
Characteristics of land plants
Cuticle
Stomata
Gametangia - enclosing gametes
Embryos in protective structure
Pigments protecting against UV radiation
Spore walls - sporopollein protecting from desiccation and decay
Mutualistic relationships with fungi promoting nutrient uptake
Non-vascular plants - byrophytes
Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Bryophyta (mosses)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
Vascular plants (tracheophytes) without seeds
Lycophta (club mosses)
Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
Spehnophyta (horsetails)
Pterophyta (ferns)
Vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes) - gynosperns
Cycadophyta (cycads)
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Gnetophyta
Vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes) - angiosperms
Anthophyta (flowering plants) - dicotlyledones and monocotlyldeones
Rhizoids
Root
Antheridia
Male gametophyte (sperm)
Archegonia
Female gametophyte (egg)
Growth of embryo
Embryo -> zygote -> young sporophyte -> mature sporophyte
Fertilisation
in archegonium and -> diploid (2n)
Capsule sporangia
Where spores are developed
Protonemata
Released spore
Bud
Growing spore
Seta
Holds sporangium
How are spores produced
Spore mother cells undergo meiosis
How has evolution changed plant life cycles
Size and duration of haploid gamteophte stage decreased
Megasporangia
Female gametophytes - embryo sacs in stigmas
Microsporangia
Male gametophytes - pollen grains in stamens
4 organs of a flower
Carols, stamens, petals, sepals
Domphase
Diploid
Haploid gametophyte
Few cells
Monocotyledons plants
Floral parts in 3s e.g. lily
Dicotyledonous plants
Floral parts in 5s or large numbers
Angiosperm success
Flowers, fruits, reduced female gametophyte, ovules and seeds in carpel, pollen on stigams
Breeding systems in plants
Regulate in-breeding - self pollination - alleles homozygous
Out-breeding (cross pollination)
Monoecious
Both male and female on one plant
Dioecious
Male or female on one plant - ensures outcrossing
Protandry
Stamens release pollen before stigma is receipt - out breeding
Potogyny
Stigmas receptive before pollen is released - less common
Self-incompatabilot
Alleles lethal in homozygous - so if they self-fertilise, they die
Hyphae
Fungi grow on
Ascomycetes
Septate hypae with pores in septa
Haploid nuclei move freely through pores - each hype for a single cell
Non-motile asexual spores
