Plants

Question 1

Synamorphy

Answer 1

Development from an embryo protected by tissues of parent plant

Question 2

Streptophytes

Answer 2

Include land plants and green algae

Question 3

Green plants

Answer 3

Streptophytes plus all other green algae. Chlorophyll v

Question 4

Vascular plants or tracheophytes

Answer 4

Conducting cells - tracheids

Question 5

Characteristics of land plants

Answer 5

Cuticle
Stomata
Gametangia - enclosing gametes
Embryos in protective structure
Pigments protecting against UV radiation
Spore walls - sporopollein protecting from desiccation and decay
Mutualistic relationships with fungi promoting nutrient uptake

Question 6

Non-vascular plants - byrophytes

Answer 6

Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Bryophyta (mosses)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

Question 7

Vascular plants (tracheophytes) without seeds

Answer 7

Lycophta (club mosses)
Psilophyta (whisk ferns)
Spehnophyta (horsetails)
Pterophyta (ferns)

Question 8

Vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes) - gynosperns

Answer 8

Cycadophyta (cycads)
Ginkgophyta
Coniferophyta (conifers)
Gnetophyta

Question 9

Vascular plants with seeds (spermatophytes) - angiosperms

Answer 9

Anthophyta (flowering plants) - dicotlyledones and monocotlyldeones

Question 10

Rhizoids

Answer 10

Root

Question 11

Antheridia

Answer 11

Male gametophyte (sperm)

Question 12

Archegonia

Answer 12

Female gametophyte (egg)

Question 13

Growth of embryo

Answer 13

Embryo -> zygote -> young sporophyte -> mature sporophyte

Question 14

Fertilisation

Answer 14

in archegonium and -> diploid (2n)

Question 15

Capsule sporangia

Answer 15

Where spores are developed

Question 16

Protonemata

Answer 16

Released spore

Question 17

Bud

Answer 17

Growing spore

Question 18

Seta

Answer 18

Holds sporangium

Question 19

How are spores produced

Answer 19

Spore mother cells undergo meiosis

Question 20

How has evolution changed plant life cycles

Answer 20

Size and duration of haploid gamteophte stage decreased

Question 21

Megasporangia

Answer 21

Female gametophytes - embryo sacs in stigmas

Question 22

Microsporangia

Answer 22

Male gametophytes - pollen grains in stamens

Question 23

4 organs of a flower

Answer 23

Carols, stamens, petals, sepals

Question 24

Domphase

Answer 24

Diploid

Question 25

Haploid gametophyte

Answer 25

Few cells

Question 26

Monocotyledons plants

Answer 26

Floral parts in 3s e.g. lily

Question 27

Dicotyledonous plants

Answer 27

Floral parts in 5s or large numbers

Question 28

Angiosperm success

Answer 28

Flowers, fruits, reduced female gametophyte, ovules and seeds in carpel, pollen on stigams

Question 29

Breeding systems in plants

Answer 29

Regulate in-breeding - self pollination - alleles homozygous

Out-breeding (cross pollination)

Question 30

Monoecious

Answer 30

Both male and female on one plant

Question 31

Dioecious

Answer 31

Male or female on one plant - ensures outcrossing

Question 32

Protandry

Answer 32

Stamens release pollen before stigma is receipt - out breeding

Question 33

Potogyny

Answer 33

Stigmas receptive before pollen is released - less common

Question 34

Self-incompatabilot

Answer 34

Alleles lethal in homozygous - so if they self-fertilise, they die

Question 35

Hyphae

Answer 35

Fungi grow on

Question 36

Ascomycetes

Answer 36

Septate hypae with pores in septa
Haploid nuclei move freely through pores - each hype for a single cell
Non-motile asexual spores