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Biology 1114H > Prokaryotes and Endosymbiosis > Flashcards

Prokaryotes and Endosymbiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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2
Q

How many cells does a prokaryote typically have?

A

One

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3
Q

What important structure of eukaryotic cells do prokaryotic cells lack?

A

A membrane bound nucleus

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4
Q

Characteristic of prokaryotic organelles

A

Not membrane bound

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5
Q

Characteristic of prokaryotic DNA

A

Have a single circular strand plus plasmids

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6
Q

Reproduction method of prokaryotes

A

Binary fission

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7
Q

What do all prokaryotes have that only some eukaryotes have?

A

Cell wall

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8
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

A dyeing system used to examine bacterial cell walls

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9
Q

What is a gram positive cell?

A

A cell that looks purple under a microscope

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10
Q

Characteristics of gram positive cells

A

Their cell wall has extensive peptidoglycan (sugars + amino acid) and they lack an outer membrane

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11
Q

What is a gram negative cell?

A

A cell that looks pink under a microscope

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12
Q

Characteristics of gram negative cells

A

Cell wall has a thin layer of peptidoglycan and has an outher phospholipid bilayer

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13
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

A polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids

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14
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

Inhibit bacteria-specific metabolism, which prevents them from making a cell wall

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15
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, which inhibits the proteins needed for the cell to survive

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16
Q

What are the functions of capsule-polysaccharide secretion?

A

Adhesion, secretion, and movement

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17
Q

What is the type of bacterial movement called and what does it do?

A

Taxis

Orients to the stimulus

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18
Q

How do prokaryotes move?

A

Flagella or gliding (secreting a sticky substance)

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19
Q

What type of reproduction do prokaryotes use?

A

Binary Fission

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20
Q

What are characteristics of binary fission?

A

Asexual, short generation times

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21
Q

What is an endospore?

A

A resistant stage that is dehydrated and dormant for centuries

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22
Q

What is conjugation?

A

When genetic information is transferred by direct cell-to-cell contact

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23
Q

What is transformation?

A

When bacteria or archaea naturally take up DNA from the environment that has been secreted or released by cell lysis

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24
Q

What is transduction?

A

When virsues pick up DNA from one prokaryotic cell and transfer it to another cell via injection

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25
Q

What is the benefit of conjugation?

A

It’s a way to transmit a plasmid with antibiotic genes between organisms

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26
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

When DNA is transferred between two different species

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27
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

Organisms that use light to excite electrons

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28
Q

How is ATP made in phototrophs?

A

Photophosphorylation

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29
Q

What are chemoorganotrophs?

A

Organisms that oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy, like carbohydrates and lipids, to gain their energy

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30
Q

How is ATP made in chemoorganotrophs?

A

Cellular respiration or fermentation pathways

31
Q

What are chemolithotrophs?

A

Organisms that oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy, like H+, CO2, Fe2+, NH4+, with O2 as an electron acceptor to gain their energy

32
Q

How is ATP made in chemolithotrophs?

A

Cellular respiration

33
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that synthesize building-block compounds from simple starting materials

34
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that absorb building-block compounds from their environment

35
Q

What are the two major impacts of prokaryotes?

A

1.) Nutrient cycling- the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter (N, C, O)

2.) Ecological interactions- symbiosis, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, pathogens

36
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

When individuals of two different species live in physical contact

Interaction of two organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

37
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both organisms benefit from an interaction

38
Q

What is commensalism?

A

When one species benefits from an interaction and the other is unharmed

39
Q

What is parasitism?

A

When one species obtains nutrition from the host but doesn’t kill it

40
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease causing organisms

41
Q

How do bacteria relate to mitochondria?

A

They are the probable ancestors of mitochondria

42
Q

What are stromatolites?

A

The oldest known fossils- rocks formed by the biological accretion of sedimentary layers on prokaryotic cyanobacterial mats

43
Q

What is microcystin?

A

An algal toxin consisting of protein and haptotoxins

44
Q

The Gulf of Mexico is considered a what?

A

Dead Zone

45
Q

Why is the Gulf of Mexico considered a dead zone?

A

Excess nutrients are released from the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico, which causes algal blooms. The bacterial degradation of dead algae rapidly depletes the oxygen in the area- this phenomenon is known as hypoxia

46
Q

What do rhizonium nodules do?

A

Fix atmospheric N2 to convert it to ammonium (NH4+)

47
Q

How do bacteria relate to humans?

A

Majority are non-pathogenic to humans

48
Q

What do bacteria do in the human microbiome?

A

Digest food, synthesize vitamins, and protect against disease causing bacteria

49
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Toxins secreted by pathogenic bacteria

50
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

Toxins released when pathogenic bacteria die

51
Q

How is antibiotic resistance developed so quickly?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

52
Q

What products can be developed with bacteria?

A

Bioremediation, biofeuls, and pharmaceuticals

53
Q

How can archaea be described?

A

Extremophiles

54
Q

What are methanogens?

A

Organisms that use H2 to reduce CO2 to CH4 under anaerobic conditions

55
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Photoheterotrophs found in hypersaline areas

56
Q

What are thermo-acidophiles?

A

Organisms found in hot springs and thermal vents whose optimal conditions are pH 2-3 and temperature > 80 degrees C

57
Q

What is bioprospecting?

A

Finding unique chemicals or metabolic pathways in microbes

58
Q

What are targets of bioprospecting?

A

Archaea

59
Q

What is the first step of how a virus works?

A

Glycoproteins on the virus envelope bind to specific receptors on the host cell membrane

60
Q

What is the second step of how a virus works?

A

The virus enters the cell and the viral genome duplicates and directs the host cell’s protein synthesis machinery to synthesize virus components

61
Q

What is the third step of how a virus works?

A

Many viruses are repackaged and bud from the host cell to infect other cells

62
Q

Do viruses kill the host cell?

A

Not always

63
Q

What are the 5 main functions of bacteria in the environment?

A

1.) They are the ultimate decomposers

2.) Perform mineralization- which is reducing organic molecules to soluble forms that are bioavailable to plants

3.) Release nutrients into the soil (P, S, NH3)

4.) Promote plant growth

5.) Help perform the nitrogen cycle

64
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts and related organelles) are derived from ancestral prokaryotes that were engulfed by another cell and after being engulfed this relationship became symbiotic

65
Q

What is an endosymbiont?

A

An organism that lives within a host cell or body

66
Q

What is endosymbiosis?

A

The engulfing and ‘enslaving’ of free-living cells to become organelles

67
Q

What is the hypothesis of the origin of the nucleus?

A

It was formed by infoldings of the plasma membrane

This process also formed the endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

What is the explanation for the origin of mitochondria?

A

Endosymbiosis

Host cell engulfs aerobic bacterium -> host cell fails to digest it -> bacterium lives and reproduces in host cell -> eventually become dependent on each other

69
Q

Where did endosymbiosis leading to photosynthesis first occur?

A

In the common ancestor of Plantae

70
Q

What is the endosymbiotic event leading to the formation of chloroplasts in plants called?

A

Primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium

71
Q

How often do chloroplasts appear in protists?

A

4 different lineages

72
Q

What is different about the chloroplasts in protists?

A

They are surrounded by more than 2 membranes

73
Q

What is the endosymbiotic event leading to the formation of chloroplasts in archae?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis- when a protist engulfs another protist with organelles in it

Biology 1114H (12 decks)

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