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Biology 1114H > Lab Quiz > Flashcards

Lab Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Founder Effect

A

When a few individuals from an original population disperse and inhabit (“found”) a new area. The genetics of these few individuals will be passed on to all the offspring in the newly inhabited area; thus the genetic diversity of this population will be less comprehensive compared to the original population

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2
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

When a population is greatly reduced but then recovers. Relatively few individuals survive the bottleneck, so they pass their less-comprehensive genetic diversity onto the rest of the growing population.

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3
Q

Microevolution

A

A change in allele/gene frequency in a population. Can happen due to mutation, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

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4
Q

Genetic Drift

A

A change in allele frequencies due to chance. Genetic drift occurs in every population and every generation, but affects smaller populations more significantly.

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5
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic constitution of an organism. The total sum of genes transferred from parent to offspring. The complete set of heritable genes that can be transferred to the offspring from its parents

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6
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of the same gene; different alleles may code for different phenotypes

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7
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism that results from the interaction of its genotype with its environment.

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8
Q

Monophyletic

A

A genetic group that includes all the descendants of an ancestor that can include any number or organisms or groups. Synonym for clade.

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9
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group that contains a common ancestor, but not all of its descendants

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10
Q

Homology

A

Similar structures between two organisms resulting from common ancestry

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11
Q

Eukaryotic organelle characteristics

A

Have mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes (much larger than prokaryotes’), etc.

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12
Q

Prokaryotic organelle characteristics

A

Only have ribosomes

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13
Q

Eukaryotic nucleus characteristics

A

Has a true nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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14
Q

Prokaryotic nucleus characteristics

A

Has no true nucleus, but has a nucleoid, or nuclear region

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15
Q

Eukaryotic organization of DNA characteristics

A

DNA is packaged in more than 1 linear chromosome with histones and other proteins. Have much more DNA than prokaryotes

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16
Q

Prokaryotic organization of DNA characteristics

A

Has 1 usually circular chromosome and few proteins

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17
Q

Eukaryotic type of cell division

A

Mitosis

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18
Q

Prokaryotic type of cell division

A

Binary fission

19
Q

Eukaryotic size

A

Large

20
Q

Prokaryotic size

A

Very small

21
Q

Modified leaves

A

Flowers are modified leaves

Sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils are whorls of modified leaves at a single node

22
Q

Rosette

A

Stem modification

A short, upright shoot with very short internodes so leaves appear almost whorled at the ground level. Leaves protect stem from animals and weather and the tight arrangement makes it difficult to uproot the plant

Examples: dandelion and lettuce

23
Q

Rhizome

A

Stem modification

A horizontal stem that may be under or partly in the ground and may bear leaves on its upper surface and roots on its lower surface. Stores starches, proteins, and other nutrients

Example: iris

24
Q

Stolon/Runner

A

Stem modification

A stem that grows horizontally over the ground and may produce new plants at the nodes. Allows plant to propagate nearby areas

Example: strawberry

25
Q

Bulb

A

Stem and leaf modification

Shoot with short stem and thick fleshy leaves. Outermost leaves are thin, dry, and protective. Specialized for nutrition and energy storage

Example: onion, tulip, hyacinth

26
Q

Corm

A

Stem modification

A thickened, usually underground and upright stem that accumulates food such as starch. It stores food in the stem (a bulb stores primarily in the leaves). May see encircling rings that are leaf scars of detached leaves

Examples: gladiolus, crocus

27
Q

Tuber

A

Stem modification

An enlarged, short, fleshy, underground stem that often develops from the tip of the rhizome and is utilized for food storage and propagation

Example: Irish potato

28
Q

Stem Tendril

A

Stem modification

A slender, coiling structure that provides support. Generally in the axil of a leaf or leaf scar. If a tendril originates from an axillary bud, it is a stem tendril.

Examples: grape, Virginia creeper

29
Q

Thorn

A

Stem modification

Hard, woody, pointed branch that may bear small leaves and provides protection from herbivores. Thorns typically found in the axil of a leaf or leaf scar.

Examples: honey locust, hawthorn

30
Q

Cladophyll/Cladode

A

Stem modification

A branch that resembles a leaf and may bear flowers, fruit, and/or small leaves. Generally found in the axis of a leaf, which may be small and scale-like or may have fallen off.

Example: butcher’s broom

31
Q

Stem succulence

A

Stem modification

Thick, fleshy stem specialized for water storage.

Example: cactus

32
Q

Sepals and petals

A

Leaf modification

Sterile parts of the flower

33
Q

Pistil

A

Leaf modification

Reproductive part of the flower. Female part consists of ovary, style, and stigma

34
Q

Stamen

A

Leaf modification

Reproductive part of the flower. Male part composed of filament and anther. Anther is at the top and produces pollen

35
Q

Leaf tendril

A

Leaf modification

Coiled structure that attaches a plant for support. Generally has a bud in its axil or will be a modified leaflet of a compound leaf

Example: pea

36
Q

Spine

A

Leaf modification

A hard, sharp-pointed structure offering protection from herbivores. A spine will have a bud, leaf, or leaf scar in its axil. In some cases spines take he place of leaves

Example: cactus

37
Q

Bract

A

Leaf modification

A leaf that may be reduced or substantially different from the others on a stem and is usually found just below a flower. It provides additional color to attract pollinators.

Example: the colored, floral bracts of poinsettias

38
Q

Stipule

A

Leaf modification

Often blade-like appendage at the base of the leaf blade or leaf petiole. Function is unknown, and many are hypothesized to be useless

Example: pea

39
Q

Leaf succulence

A

Leaf modification

A fleshy leaf specialized for water storage

Example: crassula

40
Q

Insectivorous leaves

A

Leaf modification

Leaves specified for trapping and ingesting insects and other small invertebrates. Ingested insects usually provide a source of nitrogen.

Example: pitcher plant, venus fly trap, sundew, and butterwort

41
Q

What are endophytes?

A

Microorganisms that live inside plants for at least part of their life cycle without causing obvious signs of disease. Endophytes can be bacteria or fungi and often co-evolve with their hosts.

42
Q

Why are endophytes important?

A

Possess immense biochemical diversity and are known to produce antibiotics, antiviral compounds, antioxidants, insecticides, and other molecules that are beneficial to the host plant or and/or that may be helpful in human medicine, agriculture, and industry. Many endophytes produce enzymes that have potential applications in industry and medicine.

43
Q

What is the ecological function of endophytes?

A

They produce a wide range of compounds useful for plants for their growth, protection to environmental conditions, and sustainability.

Biology 1114H (12 decks)

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