Prokaryotes

Question 1

Glycocalyx

Answer 1

Gel-type sticky substance that surrounds the cell.
Two types:
1.) Capsule: prevents recognition
2.) Slime layer: allows attachment

Question 2

Flagella

Answer 2

Function: movement 
3 Types: 
1.) Filament
2.) Hook 
3.) Basal body

Question 3

Fimbriae

Answer 3

Sticky and bristle-like projections

Function: Adherence (important to biofilms)

Question 4

Pili

Answer 4

Longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella and it transfers DNA (sex)

Question 5

Cell Walls

Answer 5

Function: structure, shape, and protection

Made of Peptidoglycan

2 types:

1. ) gram -
2. ) gram +

Question 6

Gram +

Answer 6

Thick layer of peptidoglycan

Contains teichoic acids

Appear purple after staining

Question 7

Gram -

Answer 7

Thin layer of peptidoglycan

Bilateral membrane outside peptidoglycan ( phospholipids, proteins, lipopolysaccharide)

Layer of Peptidoglycan + bilayer = Lipid A

Appears red after staining

Question 8

Bacterial cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 8

Phospholipid bilayer

Function:

1. ) Energy storage
2. ) Maintain concentration and electrical gradient
3. ) Selectively permeable

Question 9

Prokaryotic Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Cytoskeleton: forming shape

Ribosomes

1. ) protein synthesis
2. ) 70s ( 30s and 50s)

Question 10

Passive Process (NO ENERGY REQUIRED)

Answer 10

Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis

Question 11

Active Processes (ENERGY REQUIRED)

Answer 11

Active transport

Group translocation: substance is chemically modified during transport

Question 12

Viruses

Answer 12

Small, acellular, infectious agent containing DNA or RNA (Not Both)

Question 13

Viral envelope

Answer 13

Acquired from host and it has some “spikes” (glycoproteins used for protection)

Function: Protection, host recognition, helps host cells