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SBI3U - Biodiversity > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

What do both Archaea and Bacteria lack?

A

They lack a nucleus

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2
Q

What genetic material does Archaea and Bacteria inquire?

A

1) Circular DNA (not bound by membrane)
2) Made up of single chromosome

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3
Q

Is bacteria and archaea multicellular or unicellular?

A

Unicellular

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4
Q

Prokaryotes are anaerobic, what does that mean?

A

Anaerobic means they do not need oxygen to carry out cellular respiration

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5
Q

What is the spherical forms of archaea and bacteria called?

A

Cocci

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6
Q

What is an example of cocci?

A

Streptococcus

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7
Q

What is the rod shaped archaea and bacteria called?

A

Bacilli

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7
Q

What is an example of Bacilli?

A

Streptobacillus

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8
Q

What is the spiral form of archaea and bacteria called?

A

Spirilla

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9
Q

What is methanogenesis?

A

The biological/chemical process that produces methane as a by-product.

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10
Q

What is methane? Give an example of where it is located.

A

Methane is fuel and potent greenhouse gas. Chemical nomenclature is CH4. An example would be the gas that lives in the digestive tract of cows.

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11
Q

What type of bacteria uses photosynthesis?

A

Cyanobacteria

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12
Q

How does Cyanobacteria get their nutrients?

A

Uses solar energy to convert CO2 and H2O into water.

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13
Q

Archaea are extremophiles, name the three type of extremophiles as well as provide an example for each.

A

1) Thermophiles - live in extremely low and high temperatures. Example: deep sea vents.
2) Acidophiles - live in high concentrations of acid. Example: Volcanic crater lakes.
3) Halophiles - live in high concentration of salt. Example: salt lakes.

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14
Q

What is a mesophile? What type of prokaryote is a mesophile?

A

A mesophile is an organism that lives in a habitat characterized by moderate conditions, this makes mesophiles easy to reproduce and grow. Bacteria are mesophiles.

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15
Q

Why can’t bacteria and archaea go through mitosis or meiosis?

A

They cannot go through mitosis and meiosis because bacteria and archaea both lack a nuclei.

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16
Q

What are two types of reproduction methods that archaea and bacteria go through?

A

1) Binary fission
2) Conjugation

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17
Q

Do prokaryotes reproduce asexually or sexually?

A

They use asexual reproduction.

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18
Q

What is binary fission?

A

It is the asexual reproduction when one cell (the parent cell) divides into two genetically identical daughter cells.

19
Q

What are the four steps to binary fission?

A

1) copying of genetic material
2) cell elongating
3) septum forms
4) cells separate

20
Q

Why are cells that go through binary fission more susceptible to eradication?

A

When a cell goes through binary fission it replicates identical cells. This means these cells are more susceptible to eradication because lets say an antibiotic is deployed throughout the body. It will destroy every identical cell.

21
Q

What is conjugation?

A

It is the process when there is a transfer of genetic material involving two cells.

22
Q

Explain the process of conjugation.

A

1) the cell with the fertility plasmid links to the fertility negative cell by its sex pilus.
2) the donor cell (F+) transfers the fertility plasmid to the recipient cell (F-).
3) now both cells are F+. They can both repeat this process.

23
Q

Conjugation is made possible by…

A

It’s plasmid having extra chromosomal DNA. This type of plasmid is called a fertility plasmid.

24
Q

What does HFr cell stand for?

A

High Frequency of recombination.

25
Q

What happens when an HFr cell wants to go through conjugation with an F- cell?

A

The HFr cell is a high frequency of recombination cell. This means that instead of the circular fertility plasmid, the HFr cells fertility plasmid is integrated into the strands of the original chromosomal DNA. So, to conjugate, this new strand of DNA (the fertility plasmid) will copy and transfer through the sex pilis yielding a recombinated fertility negative cell.

26
Q

What is an endospore?

A

An endospore is a dormant bacterial cell that is able to survive in extreme conditions.

27
Q

Are endospore found in Archaea?

A

No.

28
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

It’s DNA but not part of the main chromosome. It has different genes and splits from the original chromosome.

29
Q

List similarities in Archaea and Bacteria.

A

1) No membrane bound organelles.
2) No nuclei
3) No nucleiod region (not closed off for genetic material.
4) 3 shapes (cocci, spirilla, bacilli), ribosomes, cytoplasm, flagellum, *pili

30
Q

If cocci cells are connected to chains are they now considered multicellular?

A

No, they are still unicellular because they still function on their own, they are now just connected.

31
Q

What is the purpose of gram stains?

A

To identify if the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative.

32
Q

What are the chemicals used in gram staining?

A

1) Crystal violet dye
2) Iodine
3) Alcohol
4) Safranin

33
Q

What does the crystal violet dye do to the bacteria?

A

It passes through the layers of the membrane straight to the cell.

34
Q

What does iodine do to the bacteria after the crystal violet dye is put in?

A

It passes through the layers and binds/bonds to the the crystal violet molecules.

35
Q

What is alcohol used for when doing the gram stains?

A

It washes the bacteria. It dissolves gram positive capsule and shrinks the cell wall. It also shrinks the cell wall for gram negative, however it also dissolves the capsule and 2nd phospholipid bilayer.

36
Q

What happens when alcohol is added to a gram negative bacteria?

A

The alcohol washes away the crystal violet and iodine bonds leaving it transparent.

37
Q

When applying safranin, what happens to the bacteria?

A

For gram positive, it will be overshadowed by the deepness of the crystal violet dye. So safranin is still present in gram positive just not visible.

For gram negative the safranin will pass through the shrunken cell wall and bind with the lipids in the phospholipid bilayer.

38
Q

Gram positive is…

A

Purple

39
Q

Gram negative is…

A

Pink

40
Q

Why is gram positive bacteria easier to treat then gram negative?

A

There is only one phospholipid bilayer in gram positive which makes it easier for antibiotics to reach the cell. Whereas because of the 2nd phospholipid bilayer in gram negative it makes accessing the cell difficult.

41
Q

What are the three layers all bacteria has?

A

1) Plasma membrane - inner layer. It directs what enters the cell and exits. (Phospholipid bilayer).
2) Cell wall - middle layer. Provides structural support. (Made up of peptidoglycan)
3) Capsule - outer layer. Sticky for protection.

42
Q

What part of the cell is made up of polysaccharides? What is the name of the polysaccharide?

A

The cell wall is made up of polysaccharides. The name of the polysaccharide is peptidoglycan.

43
Q

Recall: What makes up polysaccharides?

A

Long chains of monosaccharides.

44
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

Organism not able to produce its own nutrients and most gain these nutrients from other living/dead organisms.

45
Q

What is an autotroph?

A

Organism capable of forming its own nutrients.

SBI3U - Biodiversity (4 decks)

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