projection geometry- intraoral radiographic technique Flashcards
geometric characterisitcs
- image sharpness
- image magnification
- image shape distortion
fuzzy, unsharp margin of radiograph image
-penumbra or edge gradient
unsharpness
penumbra(shadow) or edge gradient
(shadow) unsharp margins
3 rules to maximize sharpness
- radiation source(focal spot) should be as small as possible
2.source-to-object (focal spot) distance should be as long as possible - object-to-receptor distance should be as short as possible
compare radiation source(focal spot) size[smaller to larger] with unsharpness
larger the focal spot, the more x-ray photons are produced, and the less sharp it is
the smaller the focal spot, the less x-ray photons are produced, and the sharper image it is
explain source-to-object distance (rule 2)
(want as far as possible)
longer= less divergent=more parallel= sharper
shorter= more divergent=less parallel=less sharp
explain object- to-receptor distance (rule 3)
want short as possible
shorter= closer/less distance= sharper
longer= further away/more distance=less sharp
(equal enlargement)
enlargement of radiographic image, compared to actual size of object
magnification
2 rules to magnification:
- source(focal spot) to object distance long as possible
- object to receptor distance short as possible
(unequal enlargement)
-variation from true shape of object
-unequal magnification of parts of object
-improper alignment of receptor, object, beam
distortion
2 rules to minimize shape distortion
- object and receptor parallel
- object/receptor perpendicular to beam
two types of distortion:
- foreshortening
- elongation
tooth not parallel to receptor and beam IS perpendicular to tooth/receptor
-image of tooth is shorter than actual tooth size
foreshortening
tooth not parallel to receptor and beam IS perpendicular to tooth/receptor
-image of tooth is longer than actual size of tooth
elongation
5 rules for accurate image formation
- focal spot/source is small
- source to object is long distance
- object to receptor is short distance
- tooth and receptor are parallel
- tooth/receptor perpendicular to beam
2 projection techniques for periapical radiography
- paralleling technique
- bisecting angle technique
use long cone
paralleling technique
use long or short cone
bisecting angle technique
paralleling technique 2 ways
- receptor parallel to tooth
-increased object-receptor distance
-increased source-object distance - beam perpendicular to tooth/receptor
use long cone to compromise by moving _______distance back
object to receptor distance
make ring parallel to buccal surfaces of teeth:
horizontal angulation
if alignment of beam and receptor are not right what happens
conecut
how many mm do you want to see above apices with vertical angulation
2mm
this tehcnique is the preferred method for periapical radiography
paralleling technique
if the paralleling technique cant be used, this technique may be used
(like low palate or angulation)
bisecting angle technique
if two triangles have two equal angles and a common side, then the two triangles are equal
bisecting angle technique (based on rule of isometry)
want beam to be perpendicular to bisecting angle
for the bisecting angle technique, the angle formed by plane of tooth and place of receptor is bisected, and the beam is directing_______ to the bisecting line
perpendicular
when do you used the bitewing technique
for crowns, interproximal areas, alveolar bone(bone level), caries, periodontal condition, calculus, crown margins, premolar and molar bitewing
what do you want to see with bitewing technique
-contact open
-alveolar crest/bone level
-B/L cusps
with this technique, you want slight vertical positive angulation of 10 degrees
bitewing technique
if you get incorrect horizontal angulation:
get overlapped conacts
radiographic localization methods:
- right angle method (easier)
- tube shift method (SLOB-> same lingual= opposite buccal)