lecture 1- ionizing radiation

Question 1

atomic mass (A)

Answer 1

number of protons plus neutrons

Question 2

atomic number (Z)

Answer 2

number of protons
-same as # of electrons in a neural atom

Question 3

the amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell

Answer 3

binding energy

Question 4

within a given atom, which shell electrons are more tightly bound

Answer 4

inner (K)
K>L>M

Question 5

binding energy 2.
the electron binding energy is related to the

Answer 5

atomic number(Z)

Question 6

higher Z (atomic #): more _____-> electrons are more ____ _____

Answer 6

more protons
electrons are more tightly bound

Question 7

if the electrons = protons then it is a

Answer 7

neutral atom

Question 8

this is the process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from an neutral atom

Answer 8

ionization

Question 9

if a neutral atom loses an electron it becomes a ____ ion, and the free electron becomes a ____ ion

Answer 9

positive
negative

Question 10

how much external energy do we need to eject an electrol?

Answer 10

the same or more

Question 11

the transmission of energy through space (vacuum) and matter

Answer 11

radiation

Question 12

radiation may occur in two forms:

Answer 12

1. wave theory
2. quantum (particles) theory

Question 13

this theory explains the propagation of radiation

Answer 13

wave theory

Question 14

this theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter

Answer 14

quantum

Question 15

distance between two successive crests

Answer 15

wavelength

Question 16

number of wavelength passing a particular point in time

Answer 16

frequency

Question 17

if there is high energy radiation:
1. frequency?
2. wavelength?

Answer 17

1. high frequency
2. short wavelength

Question 18

if there is low energy radiation:
1. frequency?
2. wavelength?

Answer 18

1. low frequency
2. long wavelength

Question 19

with electromagnetic radiation…
this does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Answer 19

non-ionizing

Question 20

with electromagnetic radiation…
this has sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells

Answer 20

ionizing

Question 21

examples of non-ionizing

Answer 21

1. radiowaves
2. microwaves
3. infrared radiation
4. visible light

Question 22

examples of ionizing

Answer 22

~ultraviolet
x-rays
gamma-rays

Question 23

this considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons

Answer 23

2. quantum theory of radiation: particles

Question 24

each photon has energy, mass, and travels in ________ at the speed of light

Answer 24

straight lines
[!!!electrically charged!!! and neutrons/x-rays are not charged]

Question 25

rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter

Answer 25

ionizing rate: linear energy transfer (LET)

Question 26

LET (linear energy transfer) depends on

Answer 26

velocity, charge, and size

Question 27

lower the velocity…
1. charge?
2. size?
3. LET?

Answer 27

higher charge
bigger size
greater LET

Question 28

alpha particle:
x-ray:

Answer 28

high LET
low velocity
higher charge
bigger size

x-ray:
low LET
high velocity
lower charge
smaller size

Question 29

weightless packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travels in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light and are able to ionize matter

Answer 29

x-rays

Question 30

list 7 properties of x-rays

Answer 30

1. invisible, weightless, no electric charge
2. travels in straight lines (diverge)
3. travels at the speed of light
4. highly penetrating (short wavelengths) LOW LET
5. differentially absorbed by matter
6. can ionize matter
7. produce biological changes

Question 31

when the transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, e- is NOT ejected.
receiving e- is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level

Answer 31

excitation

Question 32

minimum energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus

Answer 32

binding energy