Project management 2

Question 1

what is a tollgate

Answer 1

a control point where the projects phase is reviewed and approved (or not) to continue with the next phase

Question 2

compare agile vs traditional project management

Answer 2

Project approach:
Agile: Incremental and iterative

Traditional: Linear and sequental

Flexibility and adatpablity:
Agile: Emphazises adaptability to changing requirements and customer feedback

Traditional: Changes are often diffucult becuase they have a prefixed projectplan

Customer involvement:
Agile: Encourages continous customer involvement and feedback through out project

Traditional: Limited customer involvement throughout the project

Project contract:

Delivery of final project:
Delivers shipable products continously

Traditional: Delivers product at the end of the project

Risk management
Agile: Identifies and acts upon risks continoiusly throughout the project

Traditional: Risks identifyed and acted upon inbefore project

Documentaion:
Agile: Collaboration over documentaion

Traditional: Emphazises higher priority on

Testing:
Agile: Testing done continously throughout project

Traditional: Done after development

Question 3

What is predictable planning?

Answer 3

-Emphazises detailed planning at the beginning of the project

-Aims to define and predict the entire project scope and requirements upfront

-Holds on cloesely to the plan throughout the project life cycle

Question 4

what is Iterative planning?

Answer 4

-Breaks the project into iterations or cycles

Each iteration involves planning, execution and evaluation
-Allows for adjustments and refinements after each iteration (replication)

Question 5

Incremental planning

Answer 5

-Focuses on delivering in increments or stages

-Each increment adds new features or capabilities to the existing project

-planning is done for each increment seperatly

Question 6

What is adaptive planning?

Answer 6

-Embraces change and unceranity a natural part of the project

-Plans are adjusted and refined continously throughout the project

-Prioritizes responsing to change over sticking to a predetermines plan

Question 7

Name things project managers does during initiation/ prestudy phase

Answer 7

Develop projectcharter:
To define the project purpose and and its existance

Defins scope

Identify stakeholders:
To understand their intererst and excpectations

Conduct a feasability study:

Perform preliminary risk asessment

Begin allocating resources needed for the project and define requirements

Make a business case (estimate benefite)

Conduct a kickoff meeting to allign stakeholders with goals and excpectations

Question 8

Name 5 things a project manager do during Planning phase

Answer 8

Develop a project plan:
Create a detailed roadmap that includes scope, schedule, budget and resource allocation

Define roles and responsabilities

Risk management:

communication planning:
outline how and when information will be shared among team members and stakeholders

qualityplanning: Set quality standars to ensure project deliverables meet requirements

Question 9

name 5 things a project manger do during Execution

Answer 9

Projectplan is put into action

Impimenting project tasks

managing the team

Assuring quality

Monitoring progress

Making adjustments if needed

(Communicate with stakeholders?)

Question 10

Name 7 wats to evaluate stakeholders and give examples

Answer 10

Identify stakeholders
-List induviduals or groups involves or interesred in the project

Asses interest and influence
-Undersand how interested each stakeholder is in the project and the level of influence they have

Map relationships
-Create a visual map showing how stakeholders relate to the project and eachother

Evaluate impact:
-consider how each stakeholders actions can positively or negatively affect the project

Catogerize and prioritize
-group each stakeholder based on their influence and interest

Communication plan
-Develop a plan to keep stakeholders informed

Regular updated:
-Update regulary how the project is going

Question 11

What is a matrix organizational structure?

Answer 11

a company structure where teams report to multiple leaders.

The matrix design keeps open communication between teams and can help companies create more innovative products and services.

Using this structure prevents teams from needing to realign every time a new project begins

Question 12

What is a project-basedd organisation?

Answer 12

-Structured around execution of projects

-Project managers have significant authority and teams are assembled temproarly for specific projects

-Clear project objectives

-Once project is complete, resoucses are relocated to other projects, making the organization dynamic and adaptive

Question 13

A functional hierachiacal organization

Answer 13

-Clear chain of command, specialized funcional department and focuses on routine tasks

-Employees report to functional managers and decision-making flows upward though the hierarchy

-Stable structure, but may lack the ability to be dynamic or project based work

(used in traditional project management)

Question 14

What is earned value analysis? (EVA)

Answer 14

A method to asses project performance by combining infromation on scope schedule and costs

Simply put, it’s a quick way to tell if you’re behind
schedule or over budget on your project. You can
calculate the EV of a project by multiplying the
percentage complete by the total project budget.
For example, let’s say you’re 60% done, and your
project budget is $100,000 — your earned value is
then $60,000.

Question 15

Whar is work break down structure

Answer 15

Visual breakdown of project into smaller manageable tasks

(Helps define the scope, organize work hierarchly etc)

Question 16

What is a business case?

Answer 16

In project management, a business case is like a persuasive document that explains why a project is a good idea.

-It outlines what the project aims to achieve, why it’s needed, and what benefits it will bring.

• The business case looks at things like how much the project might cost, what risks there are, and what alternatives were considered.

It helps decision-makers decide whether the project is worth doing and provides a plan for how it should be carried out.

The business case is a guide that helps everyone involved understand why the project is important and what it hopes to accomplish.

Question 17

what is difference between a feasability study and a business case?

Answer 17

Business case answears:
What benefit a company is excpected to get from project delivery

-Main purpose is to convince stake holders that the project is worth investing in

-why is the project worth investing in?

Feasability study answears:

-If the project is excecutable and can lead to good outcomes

-Purpose is to prevent stakeholders from taking on risky projects.

-Is it worth it to take on project?

Question 18

What are 5 cases of a business case?
Explain them

Answer 18

The strategic change:
-is about understanding the problem and or the opportunity and showing there will be enouch benefits to justify investment to investigate the problem or oppurtunity further

-The Socio-Economic Case
refers to the aspect that focuses on the social and economic impacts of a proposed project. It involves how it might benefit internal and external stakeholders and their relationships etc.

The Commercial
The commercial case looks at whether the proposed solution can be realistically delivered through a practical business deal. To figure this out, we first need to know what kind of purchasing or procurement is necessary for the proposal. Is it a key part of making the solution happen, and if so, how do we plan to go about obtaining what we need? This helps us understand if the whole plan is doable from a business perspective

The Financial Case
in a business case refers to the section that focuses specifically on the financial aspects of a project. It looks at the costs of a project, potential income it might generate, and whether it’s a good financial investment. This section calculates returns on investment, analyzes cash flow, and considers financial risks. It helps decision-makers understand if the project makes financial sense and aligns with the organization’s financial goals.

The Management Case
in a business case is all about how the project will be managed. It covers the organizational structure, planning, and execution details. Key elements include roles and responsibilities, project governance, resource management, risk management, communication plans, and strategies for handling changes. This section ensures that the project is well-organized, efficiently managed, and has the necessary support for success.

Question 18

WHat is agile manifiesto

Answer 18

value induviduals and interactions over processes and tools
-Value working software over documenatation

-value customer collaboration over negoation

-Value over responding to change over following plan

Question 19

what is Agile project management?

Answer 19

Agile project management is an iterative approach to
managing mainly software development projects that
focuses on continuous releases and incorporating
customer feedback with every new version or new
development.

Question 20

IS incremental in iteratic plans done seperatly or together in reality?

Answer 20

Together

Question 21

What are the 6 stages of the project model?

Answer 21

-(IDEA)
-Pre study
-planning
excecution
-closure
-(Impact)

Question 22

Name 4 risk response stratagies and give examples

Answer 22

Avoidance: Eliminate or change plans to avoid risk

Mitigation: reduce the probability or impact of a risk

Transfer: shift the risk impact to a third party, such as an inscurance provider

.Accaptance: acknowlage the risk without taking specific action

Question 23

Failure mode effect analysis (FMEA)

Answer 23

A method for evaluating a process to identify where and how it might fail.

And how to prioritize different problems based on how much impact they have

Question 24

What is premature closure and why do it happeN?

Answer 24

Premature closure means ending something before it was originally planned or before it naturally reaches its intended conclusion. stopping something earlier than expected or before it has fully developed or achieved its goals

easons for premature
closure

Change in upper management. (On
his first day in office, Biden terminated
the Keystone pipeline).

Ran out of money

It became illegal

Another company has a better
product further along

Development of the project required
technologies or processes not yet
developed

Big change in economy

fighting in the company about the best way to proceed

Noisy protestors scare the projects supporters

Negative stories in the media about
the project.

Question 25

What is a matrix organasition?

What are some positive and negative things with this structure?

Answer 25

-A hybrid stucture that is a mix between funcional and projecizised structure.

-Works both horisonally and verticial were they report to more than one manager.(Both funcional manager and project manager)

Allows temporary relocation of resources throughout the project

Positive things:
-Easy to have continous contact with global customers

-Improve collaboration and communication within teams

-Build broader people capabilities

Disadvantages:
-Usually results in more meeting, which can tak up unessecery time and increase costs and delays

-Managers can have struggles with accountability since they have less control of the resoucses

• can sometimes be hard to measure employee perfomances since they have multifunctional roles

Question 26

what is a hirearchical organization?

Posivies and negatives?

Answer 26

-Report to one manager
-clear chain of comppand that starts with senior management and that extends to general employees in an hirearchical way

-Can hinder direct communication between team members, leading to delays and missunderstanding

-Need approvals from multiple levels of management, which can slow down decision making progress

-Can struggle with fast adaptations

-May lack innovation since they they follow the waterfallmodel and don’t change predetermined plans.

-Messages can may be altered as they pass through the hierarchy and can lead to misscommunication

Positives:

-Clear roles and responabilities, which reduces confusion

-Allows for specialitation and expertise in different areas

-Tack clarity and employees have a clear understanding in their roles

-Provides stability and predictability within project operations

-

Question 27

What is a project organisation?

Positive and negatives?

Answer 27

-FOcuses on project execution
-Project manager has significant authority
-The focus is on achiieving project goals and resourses are adjusted as need to reach that.

arranges activities in portilfios and impliment them through projectsg

-This approach is flexible and emphazises good communication

NEgatives:

Team instability:
-Constant team formation and disbandmant can lead to lack of stability and make it hard for teams to develop strong working relationships

-Organizations success is heavily dependent on the projectmanagers abiity to manage.

-Role uncertanitys
Team members might experience uncertanitys as they navigate shifting project priorities and responsabilities

Question 28

What is projectizised and functional organisations?

Answer 28

Projectisesed:
-works in the organisation vertically

-A projectized organizational structure is a type of structure within an organization that is designed to operate primarily through projects. In a projectized structure, the entire organization is oriented around projects, and project managers have significant authority and control

Funcional:
-works in organisation horisontally

A functional organization is a common type of organizational structure where employees are grouped based on their specialized skills and functions. In a functional organization, individuals with similar expertise and job responsibilities are organized into functional departments. Each department is dedicated to a specific business function or activity, such as marketing, finance, operations, or human resources.

Question 29

Name some thing that happens during the initation phase

Answer 29

Prestudy:
An investigation wheter a project is worth taking on

Project charter:
-A document in which background, purpose and goals of a project is stated clearlt
-Also states who the client is and the budget for the project
(sometimes called tender, project directive, project specification)

Proposal
-usual response to a project charter
- it is an offer
- a leagally binding document

Initiation:
business case
purpose of the project
what is the goal: what the project should deliver, produvct servie etc.

Question 30

What are porfolios?

Answer 30

a collection of projects, programs and processes that are managed together and optimized for the financial and strategic goals of an organization.