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Psychology > Progression exam - research methods > Flashcards

Progression exam - research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Wrongly accepting the null hypothesis when it should be rejected

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2
Q

What is the solution to a type 2 error?

A

Use a bigger level of significance. E.g. instead of 0.05 use 0.1

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3
Q

What are the five non-parametric inferential statistic tests?

A
  1. Chi-squared
  2. Binominal sign test
  3. Mann-Whitney U
  4. Wilcoxon signed ranks
  5. Spearman rho
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4
Q

When would it be appropriate to use a Chi-squared test?

A

When testing for a difference, data is nominal and independent measures design

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5
Q

When would it be appropriate to use a Binominal sign test?

A

When testing for a difference, when data is nominal and repeated measures/ matched participants design

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6
Q

When would it be appropriate to use a Mann-Whitney U test?

A

When testing for a difference, data is ordinal and independent measures design

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7
Q

When would it be appropriate to use a Wilcoxon signed ranks test?

A

When testing for a difference, data is interval and repeated measures/ matched participants design

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8
Q

When would it be appropriate to use a Spearman Rho test?

A

When testing for a correlation, when data is interval and design is not applicable

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9
Q

What is the mean?

A

All scores added up and divided by how many scores there are

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10
Q

What is the mode?

A

The most frequent result E.g. out of 10 participants, 7 got a score of 4

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11
Q

What is the median?

A

The middle score

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12
Q

How would you calculate the median?

A

Order scores lowest to highest and identify middle score
–> If there are two add them together and divide by 2

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13
Q

What are the measures of dispersion?

A
  1. Range
  2. Variance
  3. Standard deviation
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14
Q

How do you work out the range?

A

Subtract lowest score from highest

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15
Q

How do you work out the variance

A
  1. Calculate mean for the data set
  2. Subtract the mean from each score in data set
  3. Square the result of each of these calculations
  4. Add all the squared results together to get the sum
  5. Divide the sum by the number of scores in data set
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16
Q

How do you work out standard deviation

A

Do all the steps for working out the variance but find the square root of your answer

17
Q

What are the four sampling techniques?

A
  1. Opportunity sampling
  2. Random sampling
  3. Self-selected sampling
  4. Snowball sampling
18
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Where the researcher takes whoever is available at the time

19
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Where members of the target population are randomly selected and all have a chance of taking part

20
Q

What is self-selected sampling?

A

Where researchers ask people to volunteer and individuals determine their own involvement in the study

21
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Where researchers rely on the participants they already have to go and find other participants

22
Q

What are the strengths of opportunity sampling?

A
  1. Easy technique - sample can be acquired quickly
    –> Can also be acquired inexpensively
23
Q

What are the weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

A
  1. Participants may not be a representative sample
  2. Usually drawn from very small sample
24
Q

What are the strengths of random sampling?

A
  1. Avoids researcher bias - every member of target population has equal chance of being selected
  2. Most representative technique
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of random sampling?

A
  1. Impossible to carry out unless target population is small
  2. Might be a biased sample - not all participants identified will participate
26
Q

What are the strengths of self-selected sampling?

A
  1. Participants less likely to withdraw - they chose to apply to be apart of it
  2. Ethically sound - participants given informed consent
27
Q

What are the weaknesses of self-selected sampling?

A
  1. Difficult to obtain in large numbers - depends how good advertising is
  2. May be biased and unrepresentative of target population - volunteers may be different in some way from non-volunteers E.g. more helpful or curious
28
Q

What are the strengths of snowball sampling?

A
  1. Easier access to harder to reach groups
  2. Easier to find/ obtain your sample - only have to find first few participants
29
Q

What are the weaknesses of snowball sampling?

A
  1. Not very representative - sample is likely to consist of similar participants
  2. Difficult to generalise results

Psychology (6 decks)

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