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Part 3 Systems > Progress Test 2 > Flashcards

Progress Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the RADALT?

A

To indicate the actual height above the surface

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2
Q

What is the principal of operation of the RADALT

A

An FM signal is transmitted from the aircraft to the ground. The time taken for the wave to return at the speed of light can be used to determine the distance. The FM wave is cycled through a 60MHz range in a band between 4200-4400MHz, the frequency is adjusted. The phase difference between the present FM frequency being transmitted and the one received can be calculated to find the distance

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3
Q

What is the equation for finding the height in the RADALT?

A

Difference in Frequency = Rate of change of frequency * time taken

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4
Q

What are the limitations of the RADALT?

A
  • Type of surface (water best, snow or trees are worst)
  • Max height is 2500ft
  • Banking aircraft will give false indications or loss of signal (especially at high altitudes)
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5
Q

What is the accuracy of the RADALT?

A

+/- 2ft or 2% up to 500ft

Accurate down to 20ft

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6
Q

What does ECAM mean? Who would use it?

A

Electronic centralises aircraft monitoring. Airbus pilots use this

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7
Q

What does EICAS mean? Who uses it?

A

Engine Indicating and Crew Alerting system. Boeing pilots would use this

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8
Q

What does CWP stand for? What systems is the CWP being replaced by?

A

Central warning panel. Being replaced by EICAS and ECAM.

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9
Q

What are the 10 elements of the TAWS?

A 
GPS
RADALT
VSI/ALT
Landing gear configuration
Flap configuration
Glide-slope deviation
CPU
Master Warning
ECAM/EICAS
Aural Warning
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10
Q

Generally, how does the TAWS works?

A

Uses altitude information from GPS and other aircraft sensors and computes closure with terrain. It then compares this result with acceptable pre-programmed values for the automatically selected configuration mode

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11
Q

What is the principal of operation of the TAWS?

A

TAWS takes inputs form all the listed components and will compute the rate of closure with terrain. The terrain database is stored in the unit’s memory. Using the information provided it will be compared to the acceptable values that are automatically determined depending on the configuration and phase of flight. If it exceeds the acceptable values a visual and aural warning will be displayed/heard.

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12
Q

What are the different TAWS warning modes?

A

1: Excessive Rate of descent with respect to terrain
2A: Excessive rate of terrain closure (not in landing configuration)
2B: Excessive rate of terrain closure (in landing configuration)
3: Negative Rate of Climb after take off or go around
4A: Unsafe terrain clearance (not in landing configuration - Gear up)
4B: Unsafe terrain clearance (not in landing configuration - flaps up)
5: Excessive downward departure from ILS Glideslope
6: Descent below Minimums

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13
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 1? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 50-2450ft

Alert: “Sink rate”
Warning: “Whoop Whoop- Pull Up”

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14
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 2A? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning Envelope= 50-1800ft

Alert: “Terrain, Terrain”
Warning: “Whoop whoop - pull up”

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15
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 2B? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 220-790ft

Alert: “Terrain Terrain”
Warning! “Whoop whoop- pull up”

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16
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 3? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 50-700ft

Alert: “Don’t Sink”
Warning: N/A

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17
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 4A? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 50-50ft

Alert: “Too low - gear”
Warning: “Whoop whoop - pull up”

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18
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 4B? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 50-500ft

Alert: “Too low - flaps”
Warning: “Too low - terrain”

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19
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 5? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= 100-500ft

Alert: “ Glideslope”
Warning: N/A

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20
Q

What alerts do you get when a TAWS detects mode 6? What is the warning envelope?

A

Warning envelope= N/A

Alert: “Minimums”
Warning: N/A

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21
Q

What are the components of the ACAS?

A

Processor Unit
Two antenna
Interrogator Transponder
Receiver Transponder

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22
Q

What are the limitations of the ACAS?

A
  • Vertical separation advisories only
  • ATC only informed automatically if in ADS-B area
  • When responding to advisory, may conflict with another aircraft
  • False Alarms
  • Primarily range based
  • Does not consider Terrain/MSA
  • Advisories can request performance outside what is possible and aircraft capabilities are not considered (who climbs and who descends)
  • uses extrapolation to determine if flight paths conflict
  • Not all aircraft have it installed
  • Target must have Mode C transponder
  • Distraction when known proximity exists
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23
Q

What is Apparent Wander? Describe it?

A

The apparent error in a gyro due to the rotation of the Earth. The axis of the gyro does not actually change, but remains fixed on a point in space. As the Earth rotates however, it will appear the the Gyro axle has moved

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24
Q

What is the value of apparent wander at the poles and at the Equator?

A

15* per hour at the poles

0*per hour at the equator

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25
Q

What is a ring laser Gyro?

A

A solid state device known as a rate sensor.

It measures the rate of angular rotation and has no moving parts

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26
Q

What is the principal of operation of the Ring Laser Gyro?

A

An electrical charge is applied to helium and neon gas in an enclosed cavity. It is arranged in a triangle or square, with mirrors on each corner. One mirror is semitransparent, and has sensors that detect the phase difference of the frequency of the light. If the unit experiences an angular acceleration, the path one laser will take will lengthen, and the other shorten. This will cause the sine waves to arrive out of phase and that difference can be calculated into angular acceleration

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27
Q

What function does the CDU play in the INS?

A

It is the interface between the crew and the INS and FMS.

Allows them to input flight plan details

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28
Q

How many CDUs and INSs are there? Why?

A

Always 2, sometimes 3 of each to provide triple redundancy. They also monitor each other for accuracy and eliminate internal error and human errors from incorrect data loading.

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29
Q

How many accelerometers can the stable platform INS hold? What is their purpose?

A

Up to 3 accelerometers, one in each axis

They can provide displacements of the aircraft and measure accelerations positive and negative direction.

30
Q

What is the principal of operation of the INS?

A

Relevant to stable platform and strap-down systems:

  • Initial position is input by pilots
  • Gyros or RLG keep the platform mathematically or physically orientated to the Earth’s surface.
  • Accelerometers measure acceleration in 3 axis
  • Through integration of acceleration, velocity and displacement can be obtained.
31
Q

What functions can the INS perform?

A 
Position
Ground speed
Heading
Attitude
Altitude

Can provide guidance and steering to autopilot and instruments

32
Q

What are the components of the FDR system?

A

Flight recorder panel
Flight data acquisition unit
Flight data recorder
Acoustic underwater locator beacon

33
Q

How is the flight data recorder powered?

A

Whenever essential BUS is power3d, the FDR is powered

34
Q

In modern Aircraft how is data transferred to the FDR?

A

Aircraft Integrated Data Systems have a feel to the FDR

35
Q

What is the advantage of the Aircraft Integrated Data System compared to direct data transfer to the FRR?

A

Information can be printed out or displayed as real time parameters to give a snapshot of current conditions because AIDS is totally independent of the FDR

36
Q

What different sources does the CVR record from?

A

Pilot 1 intercom
Pilot 2 intercom
Flight attendant
Cockpit area microphone

37
Q

What is the purpose of the CVR? What information can be obtain from it?

A

Purpose is to record speech and sounds in the cockpit to assist with determining the cause of an accident.
Pilot communication, engine noise, gear noise can be obtained

38
Q

How does the CVR record sound on to itself? What is the legal minimum length of recording?

A

It has an endless tape that records over itself every 30-60minutes
30 minutes minimum legal requirement

39
Q

Under what circumstances can the CVR be erased?

A

After the Weight on Wheels switch is activated

40
Q

What is the reason altitude alerted were developed? What legal requirements are there for them?

A

Developed to prevent altitude busts

  • pilots flying higher performance a/c capable of high rate of climb
  • pilots fail to notice approaching assigned altitude

Legal requirement for an altitude alerted in IFR approved aircraft

41
Q

What visual and aural indications are given for altitude alerts on the G1000 system?

A

Passing 1000ft to selected altitude:

  • Black text, blue background
  • Flashes for 5 seconds
  • Aural tone

Passing 200ft to selected altitude:

  • Blue text, black background
  • Flashes for 5 seconds

Deviation of more than 200ft:

  • Yellow text on black background
  • Flashes for 5 seconds
  • Aural tone
42
Q

What is a simple airspeed indicator not suitable for flight at higher altitudes or faster speeds?

A
  • compensation for Density is required

- IAS is not adequate to warn of impending limiting Mach numbers

43
Q

What is the TASI? What does it provide?

A

True airspeed indicator.

  • automatic conversion of airspeed to prevailing conditions outside
  • allows the pilot to determine the Mach number the aircraft is flying at
44
Q

What is the effect of temperature on Mach number?

A

As temperature decreases the speed of sound decreases, sot he Mach number will increase for a constant TAS

45
Q

What is the principal of operation of the simple Machmeter?

A

Static pressure is fed into a seal chamber. Pitot pressure is fed into an anaerobic capsule, causing expansion and contraction to indicate airspeed. There is another altitude capsule, that is sealed with static pressure around it. These two capsules are mechanically linked to turn the Mach meter dial

46
Q

What is the mathematical principal of construction of the simple Machmeter?

A

Mach number= (Pitot-Static)/Static

47
Q

What are some potential errors of the Machmeter.

A
  • Instrument Error: caused in the manufacturing process (not present in modern ADC Mach indications)
  • Pressure (position) Error: due to static pressure being removed form the situation twice, any error is compounded
  • Blockages and Leaks: if pitot or static system become blocked or leak, the indications will be incorrect
48
Q

What is the ADC and what information dose it take as inputs?

A

It is a computer that takes readings from the aircraft air data sensors and converter it into electrical signals,

  • pitot pressure
  • static pressure
  • total temperature
  • angle of attack (if available)
49
Q

What outputs does the ADC provide?

A 
Altitude
Vertical speed
CAS
TAS
Mach
AoA
TAT
SAT
50
Q

What systems can use ADC information?

A 
Pilot PFD
Flight director
FMC
GPWS/TAWS
FDR
Autopilot
Warning announcing system
Transponder encoding
51
Q

What to pilots have to do to the ADC to ensure it’s correct operation?

A

Very little, only has a test function for the preflight phase

52
Q

What is an EFIS?

A

Electronic flight instrument system

53
Q

What is the typical layout of the 4 primary instruments in the IFS archicture? What is the configuration called.

A

Called the “T” configuration

Top Left: airspeed
Top Centre: Attitude
Top Right: altitude
Bottom Centre: HSI

54
Q

Why might an airline decide to change the layout of the instruments?

A

To maintain consistency across a fleet or company

55
Q

How are EFIS displays usually changed? What is the alternative and what happens if this is used?

A

Usually controlled by EFIS control panels on each display

If this fails, the CDU appropriate for that display can be used. This will override the EFIS control panels and inhibit inputs from the EFIS display

56
Q

What functions can the pilot perform on the EFIS control panel?

A

Mode selections:

  • MDA/DH
  • Missed Approach
  • Airborne weather radar
  • Nav aids
  • VOR input selection
57
Q

What is the FMS?

A

Interactive navigational system that assists in flying the aircraft along a predetermined, defined route, with maxim7m economy and and safety. Operates with INS and GPS to achieve LNAV and VNAV

58
Q

What is the Airbus version of the FMS called?

A

FMGS

Flight management guidance system

59
Q

What systems can the FMS control?

A

Auto throttle
Autopilot
Flight director

60
Q

How does the pilot control the FMS?

A

Pilot enters applicable route and performance data via CDU

61
Q

What is LNAV and VNAV known as in the FMS?

A

LNAV: route management
VNAV: performance management

62
Q

What systems does the FMS take inputs from?

A
  • GPS
  • ADC
  • INS/IRS
  • DME
  • VOR
  • ILS
  • RADALT
63
Q

With respect to FANS, what are the potential capabilities of GPS?

A

To navigate the aircraft gate to gate by sole means

Can use digital data transmission to eliminate the need for voice communication

64
Q

What is the function of SATCOM?

A

To provide long range voice communications, that is currently provided by HF radio systems

65
Q

What is the basic principal of operation of the SATCOM system?

A

Voice and data (ACARS) communication is routed from the aircraft to 1 of 4 satellites, which is then retransmitted to the ground stations to be routed to the appropriate place by landline
The same works in reverse

66
Q

What is ADS-C? What does it stand for?

A

Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract
ATC can set up a ‘contract’ with the transponder, which will automatically send a report to controllers at specified intervals, or at certain places. Pilots will not be required to do anything, and

67
Q

What is ADS-B? What does it stand for?

A

Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast
ATC system receives broadcasts from the plane’s computer system with GPS/INS, and other position and speed information. Predictions about future position can be made, and past and present track are available

68
Q

What are the limitations of Multi-Latteration?

A

Limited to line of sight range (up to 30nm)

69
Q

What are the limitations to FANS?

A

Cost of development
Cost of instillation
Current reliability of GPS

70
Q

What are the possible advantages of FANS?

A
  • Safer airways
  • Busier airways (due to reduced separation)
  • Less voice communication
  • Better route planning and use
  • Better altitude utilisation
  • Faster responses to requests for altitude and heading changes
  • more efficient and eco friendly operation
71
Q

What information is transmitted with ADS-B

A
  • Flight ID
  • Unique 24 bit aircraft address
  • GPS position
  • Accuracy of GPS data
  • Baro and geodetic altitudes (mode C)
  • Vertical rate
  • track
  • Groundspeed
  • Intent
  • Emergency tag (if Emergency squawk is selected)
  • Position indicator if IDENT is selected
72
Q

What is the function of the MWWS? What does it stand for?

A

Microburst Wind-shear Warning System

  • gives pilots visual and audible warnings of wind-shear conditions ahead
  • Can give recovery guidance for such conditions

Part 3 Systems (3 decks)

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