progress test 2

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

study of the occurrence and distribution of health within groups of people and not individuals.

Question 2

population health

Answer 2

the health outcomes of a group of individuals rather than an individual.

Question 3

2 patterns of health distribution

Answer 3

ethnicity and socioeconomic status

Question 4

socioeconomic status assessing

Answer 4

income - your gross and net income
occupation - the kind of job you do
education - highest qualification
living standards - economic living

Question 5

NZ Deprivation

Answer 5

uses deciles and can work on everyone and used to assess how people are living and their risk to having a certain disease.

Question 6

absolute poverty

Answer 6

this is when someone is not able to afford the basic life necessities.

Question 7

social determinants

Answer 7

these are the conditions in which people live, work, grow and do all the other things in life, and they can determine their health and how they live.

Question 8

4 social determinants

Answer 8

individual lifestyle factors - diets, smoking or drinking
social and community influences - neighborhood
living and working conditions - housing and employment
general socioeconomic conditions - air quality

Question 9

non- communicable diseases

Answer 9

these are non-infectious diseases, and they include diabetes, heart diseases and some cardiovascular disease.

Question 10

communicable diseases

Answer 10

these are the infectious diseases, caused by pathogens or germs including influenza, COVID-19

Question 11

burdens of diseases

Answer 11

years lived with disability (YLDs); years of life lost (YLLs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)

Question 12

(YLDs)

Answer 12

this is a measure of the non-fatal health loss; this is the disability measure.

Question 13

(YLLs)

Answer 13

this is a measure of the fatal health loss, the number of deaths and the age of death.

Question 14

(DALYs)

Answer 14

this is the sum of the (YDLs) and the (YLLs)

Question 15

transition theories

Answer 15

demographic transition and epidemiological theory

Question 16

demographic transition

Answer 16

the changes in the population birth and death rates, the change in population over time. It shows how we are going from the high death and birth rates to low death and birth rates.

Question 17

epidemiological transition

Answer 17

the change in population disease patterns over time (communicable and non-communicable)

Question 18

measures of occurrence

Answer 18

prevalence, incidence proportion and incidence rate

Question 19

prevalence

Answer 19

the proportion of a population who have the disease at a point in time

Question 20

what to include when interpretating/reporting measures of occurrences

Answer 20

firstly, include the measure of occurrence, the exposure/outcome, the population, the time in point and the value.

Question 21

e.g.

Answer 21

The prevalence of asthma in the POPH192 class on August 19 of 2024 was 10%.

Question 22

prevalence limitations

Answer 22

influenced by the duration of the disease and it is difficult to assess the development of the disease.

Question 23

incidence

Answer 23

the occurrence of new cases of an outcome in a population during a specific period of follow up.

Question 24

incidence proportion

Answer 24

the proportion of an outcome-free population that later develops the outcome of interest in a specified period of time.

Question 25

incidence rate

Answer 25

the rate at which the new cases of the outcome of interest occur in a population.

Question 26

descriptive epidemiology

Answer 26

looks at when, what, who and where the study took place, the place and it is observational.

Question 27

analytic epidemiology

Answer 27

looks at the exposures and outcomes and why the study was there