epidemiology

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of the occurrence and the distribution of health-related events in specific populations including the study of determinants influencing such processes and the application of this knowledge to control relevant health

Question 2

health

Answer 2

is a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. (WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION)

Question 3

health

Answer 3

access to and control over the basic material and nonmaterial resources that sustain and promote life at a high level of satisfaction. (POLITICAL APPROACH)

Question 4

health

Answer 4

a set of common-sense ideas in which we have been learning since childhood about our body processes, the way we monitor it and the standard rhetorical devices which we use to describe them. (INTERPRETIVE ASPECT-MEDICAL APPROACH)

Question 5

four types of narratives used

Answer 5

testimony, chaos, restitution and quest narrative

Question 6

restitution narrative

Answer 6

this is the ‘I was healthy yesterday, got sick today but will be fine tomorrow.’ The main character in this narrative is the medication method or the treatment modality. it will be very hard for the workers because they do not have enough information on what caused the sudden illness or disease, that will be gone all of a sudden tomorrow.

Question 7

chaos narrative

Answer 7

this follows the and then…..and then….. narrative where the patient is being eaten up by the illness that they become non-coherent. It belongs to the sufferer and no-one else, the most difficult storyline and it makes the treatment look pointless.

Question 8

social gradient

Answer 8

this states that poor health comes with the people in the low socioeconomic status, and with high deprivation, and good health comes with high socioeconomic status and low deprivation.

Question 9

NZDep

Answer 9

this is neighborhood measure and not individual, includes some aspects and not everything.

Question 10

absolute poverty

Answer 10

this is when you can’t even afford to get the necessities in life

Question 11

relative poverty

Answer 11

the amount of income can afford to get the necessities of life but can’t afford some needs set by the community or the society.

Question 12

low socioeconomic status

Answer 12

leads to poor housing causing cold, Moulds and overcrowding leading to respiratory conditions and the rheumatic heart disease.

Question 13

determinants of health examples

Answer 13

individual factors, living and working conditions, social and community influences and the general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions.

Question 14

social determinants of health

Answer 14

these are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live and age and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life.

Question 15

demographical transition

Answer 15

changes in population death and birth rates over time, growth and change in population over time.

Question 16

epidemiological transition

Answer 16

change of the population disease patterns over time (communicable and non-communicable diseases)

Question 17

phase 1: preindustrial

Answer 17

high birth and death rates, leading to a low population growth and this might be caused by diseases or lack of medication knowledge.

Question 18

phase 2: transitional

Answer 18

declining death rates and high birth rates, and this leads to rapid increase to the population growth.

Question 19

phase 3: transitional

Answer 19

declining of both death and birth rates, but the population growth increases rapidly.

Question 20

phase 4: industrial

Answer 20

this has low birth and death rates, and this leads to a stable population growth

Question 21

morbidity

Answer 21

this occurs later in life and slows the process from chronic disease to disability. creates a decrease in the period of time a person experiences severe disability.

Question 22

measures of occurrence

Answer 22

prevalence, incidence rate and incidence proportion.

Question 23

information bias

Answer 23

systematic difference between the way data on exposure or outcome are obtained from the various study groups. and it occurs when the participants provide inaccurate information or when the data is collected incorrectly.

Question 24

null hypothesis

Answer 24

the parameter equals the null value, and there is no association.

Question 25

alternative hypothesis

Answer 25

the parameter is not equal to the null value, and there is really an association

Question 26

type-1 error

Answer 26

this is when you set up a threshold of 0.05, when the p value is less than 0.05 then it accepts the Ha (alternative hypothesis) and rejects the null hypothesis (Ho). This means that it is statistically significant
when the p value is greater than 0.05, then it fails to reject null hypothesis (Ho) and reject the alternative hypothesis (Ha) and this means that it is not statistically significant.

Question 27

type-2 error

Answer 27

this is the incorrect fail to reject the null hypothesis. Bigger sample - more likely to get a small p value. Smaller sample - less likely to get a small p value.

Question 28

bias

Answer 28

a systematic error in the epidemiological study that results in an incorrect estimate of the association and the risk of the disease.
it can be controlled during the data collection and the designing phase.

Question 30

measurement error

Answer 30

the difference between the true value of a quantity and the value obtained through measurement.
this includes the accurate and precise and low systematic and random error.
then accurate and not precise but has a random error and no systematic error.
then neither accurate or precise and there is both random and systematic error.
then there is precise and not accurate and there is a systematic error and not a random error.

Question 31

misclassification

Answer 31

difference between the study groups the information is being taken from.

Question 32

differential misclassification

Answer 32

the results of misclassification and bias are totally different from each other,

Question 33

indicator-based surveillance

Answer 33

this is the one that relies on the health event indicators like (mortality rates and incidence rates)