Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology knowledge recall > PROGRESS TEST > Flashcards

PROGRESS TEST Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How can you tell if a cell is undergoing mitosis when observing it under a microscope?

A

Chromosomes are condensed and therefore visible
Double the amount of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Contrast how an optical microscope and a
transmission electron microscope work
and contrast the limitations of their use when studying cells.

A
  1. TEM use electrons and optical use light;
  2. TEM allows a greater resolution;
  3. So with TEM smaller organelles can be seen and in greater detail
  4. TEM view only dead specimens and optical can view live specimens;
  5. TEM does not show colour and optical can;
  6. TEM requires thinner specimens;
  7. TEM requires a more complex and time consuming preparation;
  8. TEM focuses using magnets and optical uses (glass) lenses;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define the mitotic index.

A

The ratio of the number of cells undergoing mitosis to the total number of cells in a specimen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name the stages of mitosis in order

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why does glycogen need to be more highly branched than starch?

A
  • Animals are more active than plants
  • higher respiratory rate
  • need to access glucose more rapidly, so more branches means more glucose can by hydrolysed at once.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe and explain how cell fractionation and ultracentrifugation can be used to isolate mitochondria from a suspension of animal cells

A
  1. Cell homogenisation to break open cells
  2. Filter to remove large debris;
  3. Use isotonic solution to prevent damage to organelles;
  4. Keep cold to reduce damage by enzymes /
  5. Use buffer to prevent protein / enzyme denaturation;
  6. Centrifuge at lower speed to separate heavy organelles;
  7. Re-spin supernatant at higher speed to get organelle at bottom
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the name of the reaction that breaks bonds between monomers?

A

Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do we call a molecule that consists of many monosaccharides bonded together?

A

Polysaccharide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Draw the structure of alpha and beta glucose.

A

alpha - hydogen at top
beta - hydrogen at bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of bond joins the components of a triglyceride?

A

Ester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Compare and contrast the structure and properties of triglycerides and phospholipids

A

BOTH
1. contain ester bonds between glycerol and fatty acid;

  1. contain glycerol;
  2. have saturated or unsaturated Fatty acids ;
  3. insoluble in water;
  4. contain C, H and O but phospholipids also contain P;

DIFF
6. Triglyceride has three fatty acids and phospholipid has two fatty acids plus phosphate group;

  1. Triglycerides are hydrophobic/non-polar and phospholipids have hydrophilic and hydrophobic region;
  2. Phospholipids form monolayer in water but triglycerides don’t;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give the equation for calculating magnification from size of object and image.

A

Magnification = Size of image / Size of Object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does secondary structure mean?

A
  • Folding, due to hydrogen bonds, of the polypeptide chain into alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the RER do?

A

Synthesises proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the SER do?

A

Synthesises lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the DNA in a prokaryote

A
  • Short
  • Circular not linear
  • Plasmids
  • Not associated with histones
  • no introns
17
Q

Contrast the structure of a bacterial cell and the structure of a human cell.

A
  1. Bacterial cell is much smaller than a human cell;
  2. Bacterial cell has a cell wall but human cell does not;
  3. Bacterial cell lacks a nucleus but human cell has a nucleus;
  4. Bacterial cell lacks membrane-bound organelles but human cell has membrane-bound organelles;
  5. Bacterial ribosomes smaller than human ribosomes
  6. Bacterial DNA is circular but human DNA is linear;
  7. Bacterial DNA is ‘naked’ whereas human DNA is bound to histones / proteins
18
Q

What does the golgi body do?

A
  • Modifies proteins (eg forms glycoproteins)
  • forms vesicles to transport modified proteins to cell membrane
19
Q

What organelle is used by phagocytes to digest pathogens?

A

lysosomes

20
Q

What type of biological molecule are triglycerides?

A

lipids

21
Q

What organelles are in the first two pellets when centrifuging cell organelles?

A

nucleus then mitochondria

22
Q

Describe the structure of proteins.

A
  1. Polymer of amino acids;
  2. Joined by peptide bonds;
  3. Formed by condensation;
  4. Primary structure is order of amino acids;
  5. Secondary structure is folding in alpha helix and or beta pleated sheets of polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonding;
  6. Tertiary structure is 3-D folding due to hydrogen bonding and ionic / disulfide bonds;
  7. Quaternary structure is two or more polypeptide chains.
23
Q

What would you call many amino acids bonded together?

A

Polypeptide

24
Q

Draw a sketch of the structure of an amino acid

A
25
Q

Explain why an enzyme can only catalyse one particular reaction.

A

Each enzyme has a unique tertiary structure
Active site complimentary to one substrate

26
Q

What type of carbohydrate are glucose, galactose and fructose?

A

Monosaccharides

27
Q

a. What monomers make up sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

28
Q

b. What monomers make up lactose

A

glucose and galactose

29
Q

c. What monomers make up maltose

A

glucose and glucose

30
Q

What type of bond joins the monomers on carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic bonds.

31
Q

What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid?

A

Triglyceride is made of glycerol attached to 3 fatty acids
In phospholipids one of the fatty acids is substituted by a phosphate group

32
Q

What is the name of the reaction that joins two monomers together?

A

Condensation

33
Q

Explain six properties that make water important for organisms.

A
  1. A metabolite in photosynthesis/respiration;
  2. A solvent so allowing transport of substances;
  3. High heat capacity so buffers changes in temperature;
  4. Large latent heat of vaporisation so provides a cooling effect (through evaporation);
  5. Cohesion (between water molecules) so supports columns of water (in plants);
  6. Cohesion (between water molecules) so produces surface tension supporting (small) organisms;
34
Q

Describe how the structures of starch and cellulose molecules are related to their functions

A

Starch
1. Helical/ spiral shape so compact;

  1. Large and insoluble so osmotically inactive;
  2. Branched so glucose is easily released for respiration;
  3. Large molecule so cannot leave cell

Cellulose
5. Long, straight, unbranched chains of β glucose;

  1. Joined by hydrogen bonding;
    1. To form microfibrils;
    1. Provides rigidity and strength;
35
Q

What is the role of DNA helicase and DNA polymerase?

A

DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds
DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together

36
Q

Explain what a non-competitive inhibitor does?

A
  • Not a similar shape to active site
  • attaches allosteric site of enzyme
  • causes active site to change
  • fewer ES complexes formed.

biology knowledge recall (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions