progress test Flashcards
practice of unknown things for the progress test
what is the golgi made of
flattened tubules
what does cholestrol do to membrane fluidity
decreases, makes tails all in one direction
What is regulated exocytosis
when a cell is given a signal it releases hormones and neurotransmitters
Name the three types of endocytosis
phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking, non selective), and receptor mediated pinocytosis (specific solute binds to the receptors in vesicles to enter the cell)
Name the three stages of cellular respiration, where they occur and what are the outputs of each stage
- glycolysis occuring in the cytosol which produces 2ATP and electrons make NADH and 2 pyruvate.
- pyruvate oxidation stage and the citric acid cycle, occurring in the mitochondrial matrix produces acetyl COA (enters the citric acid cycle), output is ATP and NADH & FADH2
- Oxidative phosphorylation occuring in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, 2 stages the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The output is ATP.
How is the proton gradient established for driving ATP synthesis
the energy from the electrons in the electron transport chain are used to pump protons against their concentration gradient into the intermembrane space. This powers the ATP sythase
equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) –light+plant—–> C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen)
Where are cell wall proteins (extensin) sythesised and added to the plant cell?
Cell wall proteins are synthesised from the rough ER where the vesicles fuse to the plasma membrane.
How does the cell wall function in regulating cell shape
influences cell morphology. provides structural support and prevents excessive water uptake
Charactaristics of the secondary cell wall
more cellulose, less pectin, lignin is present
What are the two types of nucleotide bases and how many rings do they have?
purines (2 rings) A& G, pyridimines (1 ring) T & C
What is occuring during prometaphase in mitosis?
the nuclear envelope has been fully disintegrated, the kinetochore is connected to the centromeres and there are non kinetechore microtubules are not connected to any centromeres
what occurs at anaphase 1 of meiosis?
the recombined (crossing over) homologous chromosomes seperate while the chromatids remain attached.
what is a chiasmata vs a centromere?
the point where crossing over takes place between 2 non homologous chromosomes. whereas a centromere is the primary point where 2 chromatids get attached.
What condition does XXY chromosomes have and what is their biological makeup
Klinefelter syndrome, biologically male. eg breast development, wide hips, poor beard growth