Progress In Education Flashcards
What was the biggest segregation issue for many?
In the South was education.
What was Brown vs Topeka case?
Linda Brown who was a child from Topeka, Kansa, who had to travel further to her nearest ‘black’ school.
What did Brown’s parents and others do in reaction to this?
They went to court to fight for their children’s right to go their nearest school, which was ‘white’.
Why did Browns parents court fight lose?
Because of the Plessy ‘separate but equal’ ruling, as did four other cases in the South.
What was the final decision of Brown vs Topeka case?
Ruled desegregation should be carried out ‘with all deliberate speed’.
What did NAACP lawyers argue about the case?
Argued separate was not equal in education, even with equal provision, because made black children feel inferior.
Immediate significance of Brown?
Brown reversed Plessy, so sparked off many more desegregation campaigns. Many won legal victories.
Significance of Brown in deep south?
Day of Brown decision became known as ‘Black Monday’. An extreme white backlash began. Threats to black children.
School desegregation in deep south?
Many said it would happened, but did nothing. Governors of some states didn’t accept desegregation, but called for calm.
How many black students applied to Little Rock School?
About 75 students. The school board chose 25.
What happened to those 25 black students who were chosen to go to Little Rock?
Opponents threatened the families of the black students. At the start of the 1957 school year, only nine students were willing to go.
What did the nine students at Little Rock high school become known as?
Little Rock nine.
Who was a key opponent of the Little Rock plan?
Orval Faubus (governor of Arkansas).
What did Faubus do on 3rd September?
Sent 250 state troops to ‘keep peace’ by preventing black students from going in.
What is WCC?
Citizens in Mississippi, set up White Citizens Council in July 1954. Aims were preserving segregation, especially in schools.
Who was Elizabeth Eckford?
A student who didn’t get the message to arrive with all the other black students.
What happened to Elizabeth Eckford?
She got off her bus to a waiting mob of white people. She walked up to state troopers thinking they’d help. They turned her back to the mob who were shouting ‘Lynch her’!
Publicity of Little Rock?
250 reporters/photographers outside school. Photos of Elizabeth went worldwide. Outrage inside and outside USA was enormous.
What did Eisenhower do on 23rd September?
Removed Faubus’s troops. Rioting continued. Police chief took black students out of school, saying the riot was their fault.
What happened on 24th September?
Eisenhower signed presidential order.
What was Eisenhower’s presidential order?
Set over 1000 federal troops to Little Rock. Faubus state troops ‘federalised’ (placed under federal control.
How controversial was Eisenhower’s order?
He had to make it quickly as congress wouldn’t have agreed. He went on TV to explain himself.
What was the federal troops role at Little Rock nine?
Make sure black students got to school, home and classes safely.
What happened at the end of school year at Little Rock nine?
Faubus closed every Little Rock school putting off integration. White parents forced the school to be open.
School resistance against desegregation?
Only allowed few black in per year. Introduced ‘testing’ deciding if they get in. This was used against black children.
Who helped the black families cope with the opposition?
CORE and NAACP.
Did black families cope well against opposition?
Many felt there were few white people helping. Many white people who support desegregation were afraid to openly support them.
