Progress Exams - Tectonics and Coasts Flashcards
Key topics covered on the progress exams
Name two ways that high tech monitoring can be used to minimise the risk from a Tsunamis.
- Network of sensors detect the tsunami
- Communications infrastructure alert coastal areas
Three evaluations of tsunami management
- Elderly don’t have access to phones / internet
- only alert when a tsunami has been caused by an earthquake
- Weak governance results in a failure to alert the population
Name three management strategies that can be used to detect a volcanic eruption
- Don’t normally erupt without warning
- Small earthquakes monitored by seismometers
- Swelling / bulge on the ground surface appears first
State two evaluations of the management of volcanic eruptions
- Good governance and development is needed to maintain equipment
- Some volcanoes erupt with no warning
What does the Park’s model show?
Compares response curve of hazard events
State the four stages of the Park’s model
Pre-disaster, Relief, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction
What is the evaluation for the Park’s model?
Does not consider social, environmental or political development
What happens in the pre-disaster stage of the Park’s model?
Normal quality of life - attempts to prevent / prepare
What happens in the relief stage of the Park’s model?
Medical relief is priority but quality of life improved slowly
What happens in the rehabilitation stage of the Park’s model?
Groups try to return to normal - provide food water and shelter
What happens in the reconstruction stage of the park’s model?
Groups try to return to normal - provide food, water and shelter
What does the hazard management cycle show?
Different stages of managing hazards
What are the four stages of the hazard management cycle?
Mitigation, Preparation, Response and Recovery
What is the evaluation for the hazard management cycle?
Cycle may be too generic and not quantifiable
What does the ritcher scale measure?
Measurement of amplitude of a wave
What does the moment magnitude scale measure?
Describes the magnitude of energy released
What does the volcanic explosivity index show?
Calculated by height or eruption cloud + explosivity
State how magnitude is useful
LE
Shows a greater intensity magnitude results in more damage
But some large populations are able to absorb the impacts
State how speed of onset is useful
LE
A rapid speed means people are less prepared
For a really large hazard, there is no way to prepare
State how duration is useful
LE
A long duration means more disruption
Hazards can be ‘long’ but have a small magnitude
State how areal extent is useful
LE
Large area means more damage
Tsunamis contaminate water and soil
State how spatial predictability is useful
LE
More predictable means more preparation
High magnitude overwhelms preparations
State how frequency is useful
LE
Less frequent means more unexpected
More knowledge means increased prepardness
State the three policy options for coastal management?
Do nothing
Managed Realignment
Hold the line
What is hard engineering?
Man made, invasive structures that reduce flood risk at coast
What is soft engineering?
Works with nature to help protect the coastline
How do sea walls manage the coastline?
They are a concrete wall - a barrier at the coastline that requires constant maintenance
Where has sea walls and how long are they?
Hornsea and Bridlington
4.7Km
How do groynes manage the coastline?
They are vertical stone or timber fences at 90° to the coastline and prevent the process of longshore drift
Where has groynes and how much do they cost?
Holderness -> Hornsea
£150 for 2500m
