programming techniques??

Question 1

Imperative programming

Answer 1

uses a series of instructions telling comp what to do w/ input in order to solve problem

Question 2

Procedural programming

Answer 2

an imperative language
Gives a series of instructions in a (logical)
order

Question 3

Structured programming

Answer 3

a kind of procedural programming which uses constructs: selection, sequence, iteration + recurssion rather than ‘go to’ stattements.

Modular techniques used to split large program intoo manageable chunks

Question 4

Declarative programming

Answer 4

statements describe prolem to be solved.
language implementation then finds best way of solving it
used to create, amend + query databases

Question 5

Logic programming

Answer 5

form of declarative programming.
is a paradigm expressing logic of computation w/o expressing control flow
consist of logical statements
code defines a set of facts and rules

Question 6

What is an inportant feature of declarative programming

Answer 6

backtracking

Question 6

whats used to find answers to problems in logic programming

Answer 6

queries

Question 7

what uses procedural programming

Answer 7

python, basic, pascal, c#

Question 8

what uses oop

Answer 8

java, c++, visual basic.NET, python

Question 9

what uses declarative programming

Answer 9

sql, prolog

Question 10

what uses functional programming

Answer 10

haskell, javascript, logo

Question 11

define backtracking

Answer 11

going back to a previously found successful match

Question 12

3 important things in declarative programming

Answer 12

facts and rules and goal

Question 13

facts in declarative programming

Answer 13

a predicate which may have arguments + is something unconditionally true

Question 14

rules in declarative programming

Answer 14

used to define a relationship b/w facts.

stored in the knowledge base.

true depending on given condition

Question 15

goals in declarative programming

Answer 15

query to b solved

Question 16

def instantiation

Answer 16

process of creating a new object from a class

Question 17

advantages imperative programming

Answer 17

Very simple to implement
It contains loops, variables

Question 18

disavantage imperative progrmaming

Answer 18

Complex problem cannot be solved
Less efficient and less productive
Parallel programming (parallel processing) is not possible

Question 19

Imperative programming is divided into three broad categories which are?

Answer 19

Procedural, OOP and parallel processing

Question 20

oop is

Answer 20

a collection of classes and object which are meant for communication.

The smallest and basic entity is object and all kind of computation is performed on the objects only.

More emphasis is on data rather procedure. ??

Question 21

oop advantages

Answer 21

Data security
Inheritance
Code reusability
Flexible and abstraction is also present

Question 22

declaative programming divided into?

Answer 22

logic, functional, database

Question 23

what does the paradigm used depend on

Answer 23

problem to be solved

Question 24

abstraction in declarative programming

Answer 24

how the data is obtained is abstracted from user

Question 25

can procedural programming solve all problems

Answer 25

no or is inefficient

Question 26

is abstraction used in oop

Answer 26

ya

Question 27

what is code in oop designed for

Answer 27

reusability + easy maintenance

Question 28

how is oop reusable

Answer 28

templates are used to create instances of objects

Question 29

what do classes in oop have

Answer 29

attributes and methods

Question 30

how is oop easy to maintain

Answer 30

if an error in the methods, easy to locate where error is

Question 31

what d objects have

Answer 31

data - attributes operations on that data - methods

Question 32

all processing in oop is used on

Answer 32

objects

Question 33

def class

Answer 33

blueprint of an object defines attributes + methods that capture common characteristics + behaviours of the object

Question 34

whats a constructor

Answer 34

a special method creating an object based on the class exist in every class new(attributes)

Question 35

encapsulation def

Answer 35

Is the process of data hiding by keeping an object’s attributes private so their values can only be directly accessed and changed via public methods defined for the class and not from outside the class. This means that objects only interact in the way intended and prevents unexpected changes to attributes, maintaining data integrity

Question 36

inheritance def

Answer 36

Is when a derived class inherits all the methods and attributes of its parent class/superclass. The inheriting class may override some of these methods and attributes and may also have additional extra methods and attributes of its own.

Question 37

'is a' rule

Answer 37

is obj a an obj b used to determine if inheritance appropritate

Question 38

Polymorphism def

Answer 38

allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass or interface

Question 39

parameter exam board def

Answer 39

an item of data That is passed to a subroutine (when it is called)… …is used as a variable within the subroutine

Question 40

describe use of local variables

Answer 40

Defined within one module and accessible only in that module Can be used as parameters Data is lost at end of module(when module is executed) Same variable name can be used in other modules without overwriting values/causing errors Can overwrite global variables (with the same name)

Question 41

diff b/w global and local variables

Answer 41

Defined at start of program Exists throughout program / in all modules Allows data to be shared by modules

Question 42

explain scope

Answer 42

A range of statements/procedure/function/method that a variable is valid for A local variable takes precedence over a global variable of the same name

Question 43

Explain the term ‘scope’ in relation to variables within a program that calls several different procedures

Answer 43

Global variables are (usually) defined at the start of a program + can be used everywhere in the program Local variables can only be used in a subroutine in which they are declared Local variables cease to exist once the sub routine they are in is finished Local variables with the same name as global variables will take precedence over the values in the global variable Local variables within two different procedures will not interfere with one another

Question 44

pros of modular programming

Answer 44

Work is easier to divide between a team each team member just needs to know what values go into their subroutine and the expected functionality Saves time as work takes place in parallel each team member can work on their area of expertise. Breaks problems into smaller areas. Easier to test each subroutine can be tested before integration. Code can be reused

Question 45

features ofIDE

Answer 45

text editor w/ built in compiler/interpreter autocomplete autoformatting syntax highlighting Auto line numbering Syntax checking - check for syntax error Runtime environment to see how code runs A break point adds a pause to your program to stop the flow of execution at a place defined by the user. A memory inspector will help to debug problems with memory allocation by your program. It shows the contents of memory so that you can see how it is being used by the program. Threading Version control - see code version history Stepping - run one line at a time and check result Variable watch window - check values of variables and how they change during execution Error diagnostics - locate + give details on errors

Question 46

What is threading

Answer 46

In programming terms, a thread is a single sequence of code being executed. Threading refers to multiple threads being executed concurrently. If there is a bug in your code and you are using multiple threads, it can be difficult to spot the error. Some IDEs have a thread inspector, which allows you to suspend, resume, and see the status of each thread being executed by your program.

Question 47

def function

Answer 47

Named section of a program that performs a specific task. Returns a value.

Question 48

def procedure

Answer 48

Named section of a program that performs a specific task. Doesnt return a value.