Programming Flashcards
4 components/considerations in stating a problem (end of programming and baton in a relay race to design)
- Function (People, activities, relationships)
- Form (Site, Environment, Quality)
- Economy (Initial budget, operating costs, life-cycle costs)
- Time (Past, present, future)
Definition of programming
A process leading to the statement of an architectural problem and the requirements to be met in offering a solution. Programming is problem seeking (analysis) and design is problem solving (synthesis).
5 steps in programming
- Establish goals
- Collect and analyze facts
- Uncover and test concepts
- Determine needs
- State the problem
(can be done out of order except for last step)
Information index
A matrix of key words used to seek out appropriate information related to the 4 considerations of programming and the 5 steps
Problem statement
4-10 statements based on 4 components of stating a problem. Statements reflect the essence of a problem.
Functional Adequacy
GSF per unit (person, hospital bed, seat in an auditorium)
Programming Procedures
Take the information index and give meaning to those words so they evoke questions and become more than a checklist.
Benchmarking
Establishing common standards for rooms, spaces and activities based on the measurement of similar facilities.
Net assignable area vs nonassignable area
Usable space critical to the primary activities of the building vs. circulation, mechanical, electrical and telephone rooms, shafts, walls and structural thicknesses. Net area + nonassignable = gross area
Efficiency
Net area / gross area. Usually 60-80%.
Net vs. Usable vs. Rentable vs. Gross SF
- Net does not include secondary circulation
- Usable is measured to centerline of demising walls, inside face of corridor and exterior wall (if glazing < 50% wall area)
- Rentable is usable plus shared spaces (excludes shafts and stairs)
- Gross includes shafts, stairs and goes to outside face of exterior wall (excludes cornices, pilasters or eaves)
Loss Factor
Rentable Area / Usable Area
Overall Building Efficiency
Sum of all net assignable areas / Building Gross Area (used for public and educational buildings)
Base Building Efficiency
Sum of all usable areas / Building Gross Area (used for commercial buildings)
Interior Layout Efficiency
Sum of net areas / sum of usable areas (used in interiors projects)
Load Factor or Add On Factor
(Rentable Area minus Usable Area) divided by the Usable Area
Financial Analysis
Assesses time value of money when evaluating programmatic alternatives. Assumptions and outcome vary for owner vs. investor.
Life Cycle Cost Analysis
The client (as owner) will address a combination of income (cost savings) and payouts (capital and expense cash flows) over a period of years.
Investment Performance Analysis
The client (as investor) will address a combination of income generation and payouts (capital and expense investments) over a period of years.
Payback
Simple indicator of benefit of investment. The point in time when income (or savings) equals the payout (or cost) of the investment.
Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
The analysis of cash flows (streams) discounted (or brought back) to an equivalent dollar amount in today’s dollars. Evens the playing field by bringing all future payments back to common date. Must determine Net Present Value.
Net Present Value
The value of an investment based on a discount rate over a series of future payments (or costs) and income (or savings). Similar to but opposite of calculating interest. Ex. $1.10 saved after one year and the bank’s interest is 10% then NPV = $1.00. Accomodates variable payments as opposed to PV.
Present Value of Annuity
The value now of a level series of payments to be received each period for a finite number of equal periods.
Discount Rate
Compound interest rate used to covert expected income, expenses or future cash flows into present value.
Hurdle Rate
Minimum rate of return for a particular discounted cash flow analysis. Higher risk = higher hurdle rate.
Internal Rate of Return
Percentage rate earned on each dollar that remains in an investment each year. Same as discount rate when NPV = Initial capital investment.
Balance Sheet
Detailed listing of assets and liabilities. Delta between them is net worth or equity.
Capital
All funds in a business including debt and equity.
Weighted Average of Capital
Debt and equity and their relative percentages for a company. Ex. (0.7x11% equity) + (0.3x5% debt)
Efficiency Ratios Listed Most to Least Efficient
- Museums (0.83-0.90)
- Offices (0.75-0.85)
- Libraries (0.75-0.80)
- Theaters (0.60-0.75)
- Restaurants (0.65-0.70)
- Hospitals (0.50-0.65)
Space requirements for estimating Non-Assignable Areas
Mechanical Rooms 5-9% Vertical DUCT Space 3-4% per 1000 SF Restrooms 50 SF per WC Elevator 7'-4" wide by 6'-0" deep Elevator Lobby 6'-0" deep Main Corridors 5-7' Exit Corridors 48", 44" min Monumental Stairs 5-8' Exit Stairs 48", 44" min
Plumbing requirements per occupant
WC: 1 per 15 people up to 55, 1 per 40 over 55
Urinals: Sub 1 for up to 2/3 WC
Lavs: 1 per 15 people for offices and public buildings up to 60 people; 1 per 100 people assembly use
Average costs of subsystems for a budget (highest to lowest)
Superstructure 22% Exterior Walls 12% HVAC 12% Elevator 8.5% Partitions 7% Electrical 6% ?? Plumbing 5% Slab on grade 5% Foundations 5% Wall Finishes 5% Floor Finishes 5% Ceiling Finishes 4% Fixed Equipment 4% Specialties 1% Roofing 0.1%
Debt service
Long term interest. Not included in project budget because it is an ongoing cost (sim to maintenance).
Usury
Illegal practice of charging exorbitant interest rates on a loan.
Net square footage for a water closet
50 NSF
