Programming

Question 1

Net Area

Answer 1

Usable floor space inside faces of enclosing walls; does not include circulation, gen service areas (corridors, lobbies, restrooms, custodial rooms, & other mech services)

Question 2

Gross Area

Answer 2

sum of all bldg areas measured to exterior face of perimeter buildings

Question 3

% Efficiency

Answer 3

ratio of net to gross area; increases as complexity & # of spaces decreases; typically 60-80%

Question 4

Urban forms Concentric Zone

Answer 4

original center; first ring - old housing, factories, warehousing, transportation; 2nd ring: late 19 C & early 20 C suburbs; post WWII ring low density suburbs

Question 5

Urban forms sector pattern

Answer 5

various land uses in pre-shaped wedges radiating from center

Question 6

Urban forms Multiple Nuclei Pattern

Answer 6

several distinct nuclei, similar in purpose & form (shopping centers); similar activities grouped for mutual benefit; long distance similar transport access; activities & land values interelated

Question 7

Urban forms Finger Plan

Answer 7

development along corridors of public/private transport

Question 8

Urban forms Cluster Form

Answer 8

varying centers/clusters of activity; 10,000-100,000; variant: satellite (has regional, civic, cultural & commercial center connected by rapid transit or expressways)

Question 9

Urban forms Linear

Answer 9

cities strung out in continuous line & connected by transport spine

Question 10

Urban forms Rectilinear

Answer 10

system of streets or blocks at 90 degre angles; 2 corridors of intense development intersect at core

Question 11

Urban forms Radiocentric

Answer 11

large circular urban form with radial bands of intense development from core; typical of cities that develop over time

Question 12

Urban forms Star/Finger

Answer 12

radiocentric with open spaces or low agricultural bands or fingers of development; usually gaps become developed because of auto

Question 13

Ring shaped development

Answer 13

linear form surrounding open underdeveloped area

Question 14

sheet

Answer 14

no specific focal points, routes or form (sprawl)

Question 15

satellite

Answer 15

constellation each w/ central core around a major urban center

Question 16

constellation

Answer 16

urban developments of equal size & population close to each other but w/out dominant center

Question 17

net density

Answer 17

ratio of inhabitants to housing land excludes streets (25% of total site)

Question 18

gross density

Answer 18

ratio of inhabitants to total land including streets, local facilities, open spaces (more helpful value)

Question 19

cluster developments

Answer 19

densely sited dwellings to allow for open spaces; shorter utility runs & streets; common space may be deeded to public & maintained as public space or coope by residents through association

Question 20

Planned Unit Development (PUD)

Answer 20

commercial & industrial, residential; large developments neighborhood town scale; mixed use; phased development

Question 21

Urban Redevelopment/Urban renewal

Answer 21

form of PUD; rebuilding in whole or part; mixed use & development

Question 22

New Urbanism

Answer 22

humanist approach; pedestrian over auto; traditional over modern; Seaside

Question 23

Kevin Lynch 5 elements for structuring mental images of our environment

Answer 23

Paths: routes of circulation, elements arranged on paths; Districts: sections of environment w/ identifying character; Edges: boundaries, terminations, separations; Landmarks: prominent visual features, act as point of reference; Nodes: center of activity, junctions, plaza

Question 24

Demography

Answer 24

statistical study of human populations

Question 25

density

Answer 25

people / unit area

Question 26

population size

Answer 26

actual # of people in given location without regard to density

Question 27

primary social group

Answer 27

most intimate greatest variety of social interactions; immediate circle of friends & family, develop emotional perspectives & individuality

Question 28

Secondary social group

Answer 28

work/professional group; less intimate, more specialized interactions; contribute & draw from society, enhances personal development & capability, determines self worth

Question 29

Work Groups

Answer 29

Primary: resources; Secondary: converts raw materials to usable products; third: manages & services society & industries

Question 30

use network

Answer 30

physical pattern of places used for work, residence, recreation

Question 31

time motion studies

Answer 31

study factory environment to improve productivity of the individual, alternate tasks to prevent boredom

Question 32

chance encounter

Answer 32

more spontaneous contacts researcher has w/ workers, more stimulated mentally, exchange of information and ideas; occurs at movement & public places, decrease when horizontal distance exceeds 200-300'

Question 33

macroclimate

Answer 33

dependent on latitude, elevation, proximity to water body, altitude

Question 34

microclimate

Answer 34

sun's path inclined southerly in northern hemisphere, angle between ground surface & direction of sun's rays greater if ground slopes south than level (agriculture)

Question 35

albedo

Answer 35

fraction of radiant energy on surface that is reflected - 0 black surface (absorbs all); 1.0 mirror (reflects all energy); grass: 0.05-0.30 grass

Question 36

conductivity

Answer 36

speed heat passes through a material; high metal, low sand & soil

Question 37

moderate microclimate, heat absorbed, relased later

Answer 37

low albedo, high conductivity

Question 38

comfortable climatic conditions

Answer 38

63-71 in winter; 66-75 in summer, 30-60% RH

Question 39

air movement

Answer 39

50-100 pleasant, 100-200 pleasant & noticeable; 200-300 drafty; 300+ unpleasant

Question 40

Noise

Answer 40

1-140 (pain); 50-60 dB comfortable, 85dB safety threshold; 30dB recommended for sleep; 30dB higher, has 1000x sound energy, doubling distance between source & receiver, diminishes sound level by 6 dB reduces sound intensity 1/4

Question 41

Programming process

Answer 41

20-20,000 cycles/second

Question 41

frequency

Answer 41

20-20,000 cycles/second

Question 42

Sf in acre

Answer 42

43,560 sf