Professional Policing Flashcards
In the “watch and ward” system,
the ____ was the night time and
_____ was daytime police.
Watch was nighttime.
Ward was daytime.
From 1900 through 1940’s,
___ provided a more rapid response
to police calls for service.
use of the automobile.
__________’s goal was to bring
professionalism to the police.
August Vollmer
The National Commission on Law Enforcement and Observance also known as the ________ reported in 1931 that “the greatest promise for the future of policing is _______.
Wickersham Commission College or University
https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/010.html
Use of numerous ___________ resulted in the removal of patrol officers from most follow-up activities.
Specialized Units
From 1950 through the 1970s
The Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) funded numerous projects to speed up the criminal justice process.
The development and use of numerous specialized units resulted in the removal of patrol officers from most follow-up activities.
The patrol system became an incident-driven approach in which police officers often became little more than report takers in most communities.
During this era, the police became controlled by the radio system. As a result of officers being required to answer calls for police services in a larger area, the peace officer lost much of the positive relationship and communications with the community.
The patrol system became an _________ approach in which police officers often became little more than report takers in most communities.
Incident-Driven
In the beginning, policing in
Texas was handled by ______
Spanish military
During Texas’ 100 years as a province of Mexico, Mexican governors reigned over the territory that would later become Texas. Policing was handled by the Spanish military. This ended when Texas became a free and independent republic after the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836.
Texas became a free and independent republic after the _____
Battle of San Jacinto in 1836
________ employed a militia group to protect the settlers from Indian and bandit raids. This group became known as the ________.
Stephen F. Austin
Texas Rangers
Stephen F. Austin employed a militia group to protect the settlers from Indian and bandit raids. This group later became known as the Texas Rangers.
The watch/ward system of police did not evolve in Texas because of its large territory and absence of large cities/urban areas.
The statutory authority for the Commission to establish rules that law enforcement agencies and officers must follow is _____.
The Occupations Code
_____ consists of handling crimes that have already been committed, disturbances in progress, traffic violations, and such.
Reactive Response
- *BPOC, 02-ProfPolicing**
- *2.1.5. Explain the traditional police service model**
Reactive response
Most of the workload of patrol officers and detectives consists of handling crimes that have already been committed, disturbances in progress, traffic violations, and such. Exceptions include crime prevention and narcotics investigations.
Police service model that relies on limited information, mostly from victims, witnesses, and suspects.
Incident Driven
- *BPOC, 02-ProfPolicing
2. 1.5. Explain the traditional police service model**
When cases involve money matters of $10,000 or less and no attorney is required. Both parties to action may represent themselves in a _____
Small Claims Court
https://law.justia.com/codes/texas/2005/gv/002.00.000028.00.html
The following characteristics are part of the ____________.
- Curiosity and suspiciousness
- Solidarity - taking care of one another
- Secrecy - protection from hostile environment
- Political and social conservatism
- Cynicism - Hobbesian view of social work
- Social isolation
- Authoritarian approach to control, conformity
- Support during difficult/stressful time
Police Subculture
Policing in America has its roots in _______ methods, which adopted the methods of (list 4).
- County
- Sheriff
- Common law
- English Bobby
What was the daytime system watch and ward?
The northeastern states generally had the “watch and ward” system. “Watch” was nighttime, while “ward” was daytime police.
What are the roots of American policing?
European police methods
What is the oldest form of law enforcement dating back to Anglo-Saxons?
Sheriff
- Article 5, Section 23, Sheriffs, Texas Constitution*
- Interpretive Commentary (Adapted)*
The office of sheriff is a very ancient one. The origin of the office can be found in the institution of the king’s “reeves,” who watched over royal interests in the towns of the ninth century. By the end of that century, the king’s reeve had acquired judicial as well as financial functions: and early in the tenth century, he became the official of a shire instead merely the official of a town, and was called the shire-reeve.
By the end of the Anglo-Saxon period, he had supplanted the “ealdorman” (i.e., alderman or magistrate) as the effective head of the shire, and, soon after the Norman Conquest, his powers reached their peak. The financial, judicial, and administrative importance of the office added to the personal influence of the great landowners who normally filled it, which constituted a serious menace to the crown as well as an unending source of oppression to the crown’s subjects.
A long struggle covering a span of many centuries took place, in which various measures were employed to curb the powers of the sheriff, and to establish the principle that the sheriff was merely a servant of the crown, not an independent source of authority.
Among the most ancient duties of the sheriff is that of conserving the peace and suppressing disorder with the help of the posse comitatus. Until the development of the office of lord lieutenant in the 16th century, he was also the head of the military forces of the shire. His duty of receiving writs, summoning juries, and executing judgments is as old as the common law itself, and remains the most important part of his work.
The office of sheriff was introduced into America as part of the county organization. In New England, this was a slow development, for local government was for the most part centered in towns. Further south, however, where larger units of local government were more common, the sheriff rapidly became the leader of his county. Appointment was generally by the governor, but as early as 1705 the office became elective in Pennsylvania, and other states soon adopted this procedure for filling the office.
The constitution prior to 1954 provided for a sheriff to be elected biennially in each county. In November 1954, this section was amended, increasing the term of office of sheriffs from two to four years. The office has been provided for under every Texas constitution, and supersedes the alguacil of Spanish and Mexican rule (See Art. 5, Sec. 18).
The main duties of the Sheriff are to act as a conservator of the peace and the executive officer of the county and district courts, serve writs and processes of the courts, and supervise the jail and all prisoners. In counties with a population of less than 10,000 he is also ex officio tax assessor and collector.
The Commission’s current rules and Chapter 1701, Texas Occupations Code can be found at the Commission website: www.tcleose.state.tx.us
What did Texas achieve in 1836?
Independence from Mexico
Texas became a free and independent republic after the Battle of San Jacinto in 1836.
Early law enforcement in San Antonio begins with the _________.
Early law enforcement in San Antonio begins with the alguacils of the Villa de San Fernando de Bexar and progresses to the Texas Rangers, vigilantes, and City Marshals of early San Antonio.
What year did TCOLE first begin certifying PO’s?
1970
In 1969, the 61st Legislature amended the original act so that all peace officers would be required to be certified by the Commission prior to appointment, with an effective date of September 1, 1970. This certification requirement also authorized the Commission to establish minimum requirements for certification
Who credited the Metropolitan Act of 1829?
A British statesman that created
the 9 principles of policing.
Sir Robert Peel
In 1829, Sir Robert Peel established the London Metropolitan Police Force. He became known as the “Father of Modern Policing,” and his commissioners established a list of policing principles that remain as crucial and urgent today as they were two centuries ago. They contain three core ideas and nine principles.
What did August Vollmer do ?
Established professional policing in the police force.
Focus on preventing crime rather than solving it.
Vollmer was a highly progressive police chief. He became Berkeley’s first police chief in the early 1900s and began advancing policing in its use of technology, training and, most importantly, education. His ideas began gaining traction first in California, then across the United States, and eventually around the world.
https://www.officer.com/home/article/10232661/legendary-lawman-august-vollmer
How many principles of community oriented policing are there ?
10
- Philosophy and organisational strategy
- Commitment to community empowerment
- Decentralised and personalised policing
- Immediate and long-term proactive problem solving
- Ethics, legality, responsibility and trust
- Expanding the police mandate
- Helping those with special needs
- Grass-roots creativity and support
- Internal change
- Building for the future
TRUE or FALSE
Community policing is the same as police-community relations.
False
There are fundamental differences.
Refer to BPOC, 02-ProfPolicing, p. 16. Adapted from: Trojanowivz, Robert C. (1990). “Community Policing is Not Police Community Relations.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin. (October: pp 6 - 11).
http://hestories.info/course-number-1030-texas-commission-on-law-enforcement-created.html
What is a peace officers primary responsibility?
Unphold the law and preserve the peace
What is listed in the BPOC as being part of the TEXAS Department of Health and Human Services?
Texas Department of Health and Human Services
- Child Protection
- Elderly Protection
- Emergency Financial Assistance
The peace officer is but one cog in the gear of our modern society. In order to maximize his/her potential as an agent of change in the community, the officer must recognize the need to call on the expertise of other professionals in the resolution of problems directed toward improvement of the quality of life in the particular community served. Below are some examples.
What statutory authority enables TCOLE to establish rules for LEA and PO’s?
Occupations Code
The Occupations Code is the statutory authority for the Commission to establish rules that law enforcement agencies and officers must follow.
What are the characteristics of a paramilitary organization?
- Authoritarian
- Chain of command
- Micromanagement
- Theory X
Basic concepts of quality customer service is to place the citizen and his needs before the personal desires of the officer or the agency in general
True
Was the job of the Texas Rangers to protect settlers from Indian raids
yes
From the 1950s to 1970s were evaluations used as a tool for success
yes
What era saw an improvment in technology, mobile devices and weapons ( 19.. - …… )
1980-present
What is listed in the BPOC as subculture social problems ( Sr…Co………Cy…..and Dirty…)
stress, commitment to community becomes 2nd, cynicism & alienation, dirty harry problems
What is cynicism (A Ne……, A……., T…..,Li..A..P…..)
A negative attitude towards life and people
Did community and problem oriented policing develop in the 1980s
yes
Who do police officers work for (T.. C……./P…..T…S….)
the community / people they serve
How many employees does an agency need to employ to require each officer to qualify with a firearms annually.
one
Constables and deputy constables must attend legistaltive mandated courses each 24 months and include how much civil process
20 hrs civil process
What is the youngest any person can be to become a police officer
21
How many hours of continuing education hours must be completed every 24 months training cycle?
40 hours
True or False an officer with a basic certification or less is required to retake at least 20 hours of training every 48 months regarding cit, civil rights, cultural diversity, and racial sensitivity
False
TCOLE Occupations Code 218.3 requires each peace officer to attend ____ hours of continuing educatoin every ________ months.
TCOLE occupations code 217.1 how old do you have to be to become a peace officer
21 years
TCOLE Occupations code 217.21 requires the minimum of how many rounds of handgun ammunition for annual qualification?
50
TCOLE Occupations code 217.21 requires the minimum of how many rounds of shotgun ammunition for annual qualification?
5
In the era of 1900-1940, what began to distance police from citizens?
patrol car
From 1950-1970s the patrol system became what?
Incident-driven
What controlled police during the era 1950-1970?
Police radio
Traditional police style is what? (R…….)
Reactive
Proactive and coactive are key components of what police style?
Community policing
What is the police officers duty even to the point of placing their lives at risk?
Protect and serve
Where did the earliest form of professionalism come from?
Religion
Profession definition (Occ…..One P…….T.B.S…..I.)
occupation one professes to be skilled in (divinity, law, medicine, and military)
Professional definition ( Lear…Sk…Or Prof…..)
Engages in a learned skill or profession
What are the characteristics of professionalism? (Ser…..Nee..Of Cli….)
Services others assess the needs of clients
Ethics definition (Mor..Prin…..)
Moral principles that govern a person behavior
Should police be ideal in their behavior?
Yes
Courage definition (.Fa..Da….)
State of mind that enables one to face danger
Examples of moral courage (R…….G…….,R…….T.P……..I.C…….) ( Doing the right thing )
Refusing gratitudes, refusing to participate in cover-ups
which federal agencies investigate civil rights violations?
FBI
Federal criminal law relating to officer behavior (U..2..)
USC 241
Attitude definition ( M…… P……..)
Mental position based on a persons knowledge, feelings, and experiences about someone or something that infuses them to act a certain way
Race definition (Gro…Of Peo…Wit.Com…Ph….Chara…….)
Group of people with common and physical characteristics
Ethnicity refers to what? (Shar..Cul…An.Back……)
Shared culture and backgrounds
Prejudice definition ( J…..O.O…..F…..B…….)
Judgment or opinion formed beforehand
Discrimination definition ( T.A…O.B….O.P…….)
To act of bias or prejudice
What are societal strains?(F…O.In…….)
Fear or insecurities lead to justification to discrimination
Scapegoat definition
Someone that blames other for everything that goes wrong
Discrimination definition (B….O.P…….)
to act of bias of prejudice
What are the feelings of prejudiced people? (Fear,Sup…..,Str…A…Dif…..)
fear, superiority, strange and different
Ethnocentrism defenition (R…….O….C…..A.Cente.O.T..U…….)
Act of regarding ones culture as center of the universe
What are forms and targets of prejudice ? ( Ra..,Et..,Ge….Re…..An.Wei….)
Race, ethic, gender, religion and weight
The role of peace officers includes enforcing the law in what type of manner ? (P……….M…..)
Professional manner
The peace officer has an especially sensitive position regarding impartial enforcment for what reasons
Officer often work alone and have to make decisions
What are the positive consequences of sensitivity? (Res…Fo…Th..C……)
Respect from the community and fellows, professionals, support democratic principles and self respect
Cross cultral communications definition. (How P…..O.D……Cul….Com……)
Study focuses on how people of different cultures communicate
What is a magistrate and examples ? (Any Type Of Ju.. sup… co… ap….. and crim…. app……)
Any type of judge supreme court appeals court and criminal appeals
What is a peace officer and exaples ? ( To Rese….Th..Pea…Wit…Ther…J…….,)
To reserve the peace within there jursiction, he shall use ever force necessary
Duties and powers of a peace officer , what are those duties and powers ? (Pr….An.Sup…Cri…,E…..L……P……)
Prevent and supress crime, exicute lawful process
how many days for an excution of search warrent ?
3 Days
what is the written statement by a grand jury charging someone with a crime
Indictment
seizure of contraband seizure of property subject to sensitive may be made without a warrant under the circumstances
Owner knowingly consents, the property is subject to prior judgment, lawful arrest
County court jurusticcion
A/B misdemeanors and appeals for lower court (Over all misdemeanors ) ( Greater then $500 ) also county does civil and criminal
Municipal court jurisdiction ( Cl.. . Miss) ( City and M…… Ord……. )
Class C misdemeanors and city and municipal ordinances ( class C is 500 or below )
Duties of peace officers as related to family violence (Prot…Vict…,Giv.P…….Ord…,Mov.Th..T.Sa..Loc……)
Protect victims , give protection orders , move them to a safe location
Standby Assistance what are the liabilities ( No.Civi..Lia…Fo..Item..O.Peso…Prop…)
The officer has no criminal or civil liability. Also stand by assistance is an officer being there after family violence standing by the victim
when may a police officer arrest a person without a waarant for an offense committed in his view ?
a felony committed or breach of peace
what can a magistrate verbally order a peace officer to make an arrest for ? (A F…..C……..O.B…..O.P….)
A felony committed or breach of peace
A peace officer who is investigating a family violence incident is required to do what ? (W……R…..W…N…D…N….O.S……L….A..V…..I……)
written report with name, date, names of suspects, location, any visible injuries
What does a peace officer need to do ( Duty of peace officer as to threats ) (P……A..T…O.I…..)
Prevent any type of injury
An arrest warrant extends to every part of the state except one signed by who? ( M…. O. C… O. T… )
Mayor of city or town
May an officer from another state pursue and arrest a person in this state ?
Yes
what can a peace officer do with a person arrested for pi
Take to jail or release to an adult who will be responsible for them
Incase of an arrest when may an officer force entry into a residence ? ( C…..OF O….O.E…..C………..)
Consent of owner or exigent circumstances
May a municipal peace officer bail in a misdemeanor case
Yes
is an officer immeditley required to show a search warrant to a suspect
No False
Can a search warrant be issued on probable cause and what can a search warrant be issued for ? (Y../E……… & D..)
Yes/ Electronics and DNA
can a search warrant and an arrest warrant be issued in the same order
Yes
At least once every ______, a regular or special meeting will receive public comment on training and standards for officers, jailers, and telecommunicators.
two years
A licensee has _______ to report any name change, address change, any arrest or charge above a Class C misdemeanor or family violence.
30 days
A person’s initial date of appointment is their:
licensing date
The appointee must be declared by a physician within ______ before the date of the appointment to be physically qualified.
180 days
Each agency that employs at least ____ peace officer shall require each peace officer to successfully complete the current firearms proficiency requirements at least once each calendar year.
one
Handgun Qualifications
a minimum of 50 rounds. At least 5 rounds fired from point-blank to at least 15 yards. AT least 20 rounds at or beyond seven yards. Including one timed reload.
Shotgun Qualifications
A minimum of 5 rounds fired of at least 15 yards.
Fully Automatic Weapons Qualificatons
a minimum of 30 rounds fired from 7 to at least 10 yards. Including at least one timed reload. With at least 25 rounds fired in full automatic and at least 5 rounds fired semi-automatic.
If a licensee is charged with the commission of a felony, the commission shall immediately ________ any license held for a period of 30 years.
suspend
The commission shall immediately ______ any license issued by the commission if the licensee is or has been convicted of a felony offense.
revoke
A person is eligible to have the person’s name on the memorial if the person:
was killed in the line of duty
Who were “bobbies”/ “peelers”?
In 1829 the first units of the London Metropolitan Police appeared on the streets of London, under Sir Robert Peel. Having become Home Secretary in 1822, Peel set to work laying the legislation in place that would enable the very first English police force.
In London, the policemen were so identified with the politician who created them that they were referred to as “Peelers” or—more memorably—“Bobbies,” after the popular nickname for Robert.
https://www.history.com/news/why-are-british-police-officers-called-bobbies
What are the nine principles of policing?
PRINCIPLE 1 “The basic mission for which the police exist is to prevent crime and disorder.”
PRINCIPLE 2 “The ability of the police to perform their duties is dependent upon public approval of police actions.”
PRINCIPLE 3 “Police must secure the willing cooperation of the public in voluntary observance of the law to be able to secure and maintain the respect of the public.”
PRINCIPLE 4 “The degree of cooperation of the public that can be secured diminishes proportionately to the necessity of the use of physical force.”
PRINCIPLE 5 “Police seek and preserve public favor not by catering to the public opinion but by constantly demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law.”
PRINCIPLE 6 “Police use physical force to the extent necessary to secure observance of the law or to restore order only when the exercise of persuasion, advice and warning is found to be insufficient.”
PRINCIPLE 7 “Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with the public that gives reality to the historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police; the police being only members of the public who are paid to give full-time attention to duties which are incumbent on every citizen in the interests of community welfare and existence.”
PRINCIPLE 8 “Police should always direct their action strictly towards their functions and never appear to usurp the powers of the judiciary.”
PRINCIPLE 9 “The test of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder, not the visible evidence of police action in dealing with it.”
Who was San Antonio’s first Marshall?
Reference on the construct of police integrity
A TCOLE test applicant has to
present ______ and ______.
TCOLE PID and a valid photo ID
Personal Identification Number (PID) is a unique computer-generated number assigned to individuals for identification in the TCOLE electronic database.
TCOLE Statutes and Rules Handbook
§219.5. Examinee Requirements
What are the minimum standards for the TCOLE annual (handgun) firearms proficiency?
A minimum of 50 rounds, including at least
five (5) rounds of ammunition, fired at
ranges from point-blank to at least 15 yards with at least 20 rounds at or beyond seven (7) yards, including at least one timed reload.
TCOLE Statutes and Rules Handbook
§218.9. Continuing Firearms Proficiency Requirements.
http://www.tcole.texas.gov/sites/default/files/RulesHandbook_Feb_2014.pdf
What are the continuing education requirements for TCOLE licensees?
(a) Individuals appointed as peace officers shall complete at least 40 hours of continuing education training and must complete a training and education program that covers recent changes to the laws of this state and of the United States pertaining to peace officers every 24-month unit of a training cycle.
TCOLE Statutes and Rules Handbook
§217.11. Legislatively Required Continuing Educationfor Licensees.
http://www.tcole.texas.gov/sites/default/files/RulesHandbook_Feb_2014.pdf
What are the licensee’s reporting responsibility to TCOLE?
(a) Within thirty (30) days, a licensee or person meeting the requirements of a licensee shall report to the commission:
(1) any name change;
(2) a permanent mailing address other than an agency address;
(3) all subsequent address changes;
(4) an arrest, charge, or indictment for a criminal offense above the grade of Class C misdemeanor, or for any Class C misdemeanor involving the duties and responsibilities of office or family violence, including the name of the arresting agency, the style, court, and cause number of the charge or indictment, if any;
(5) the final disposition of the criminal action; and
(6) receipt of a dishonorable or other discharge based on misconduct which bars future military service.
TCOLE Statutes and Rules Handbook
§211.27. Reporting Responsibilities of Individuals.
http://www.tcole.texas.gov/sites/default/files/RulesHandbook_Feb_2014.pdf
During the ___________’s through ________________’s, the use of the _________________________ provided a more rapid response to police calls for service.
1900; 1940; automobile
Who is responsible for bringing professional policing to America
August Vollmer
The assignment of officers from walking beats initiated the ______________________ of the police from the individual citizens through __________________________.
distancing; mobility
In the 1900 through the 1940’s what happened when police performance level increased due to rapid response?
Communication with citizens decreased
During the 1900’s-1940’s, the police performance level _______________________ due to rapid response, while actual communications with citizens ______________________________.
increased; decreased
During the 1950’s-1970’s, there was an emphasis on _____________________ and ___________.
accountability; increased standards
What improved response time to calls for service from 1950 to 1970’s?
Automobiles
During the 1980’s through today, there is an ____________________ interest in ______________________ research.
increased; evaluation
From 1980 through today interest in other styles of police service led to considerable interest in _____ and _____
New methods; experimentation
Which of the following was a development of police service in the era from 1980 through today?
The development of community- or problem-oriented policing opened new potential for progressive policing in agencies using both the traditional model and the problem-oriented model.
Militia group employed by Stephen F. Austin to protect settlers from Indian and bandit raids
Texas Rangers
Who formed the Texas Rangers
Stephen F. Austin
A concept of police officers and citizens working together to help solve community problems related to crime, fear of crime, social and physical disorders, and neighborhood decay
community policing
Relies on identification of problems by rank and file officers and are repeated incidents occurring in a community with related characteristics in which the goal is to find a cure
problem-oriented policing
What is the Occupation Code?
The Statutory authority for the Commission to establish rules that law enforcement agencies and officers must follow.
Chapter __________ Occupations Code is about the statutory authority for the Commission to establish rules that law enforcement agencies and officers must follow.
1701
The traditional police service model stated the primary means of resolving incidents is to involve what process?
The Criminal Justice process
In the traditional police service model the community and the officer are involved in the decision making? T/F
False
The traditional police service model has used specialized units with a ____ degree of effectiveness.
High
In community policing who and who works together?
Private citizens and the police
No officer should ever make a referral to ___ and ____
Private attorney and bail bondsmen
During the 1980s there was an increase in what 2 things
problem-orientated policing project(methods) and science(Evaluation research)
Police shift from handling calls to solve what
Community problems
What is the First Principle of Policing
Treat citizens fair and involve them; and in return they will participate and support police
A TCOLE license must report to the commission in the prescribed format, any name change, permanent and subsequent address changes, an arrest charge or indictment, for a criminal offense above the grade of a class c misdemeanor, the final disposition of a criminal action, and any dishonorable or bad conduct discharge within ____ days
30
Individuals appointed as peace officers shall complete at least 40 hrs of continuing education training and must complete a training and education program that covers recent changes to the laws of this state and of the unites states pertaining to peace officers every _____ month of a training cycle
24 months
In order to attempt a licensing examination, an examinee must be present what
Tcole PID/ Valid Photo ID
Handguns-minimum of ____ rounds, including at least five rounds of ammunition fires at range from point-blank to at least 15 yards with at least ___ rounds at or beyond ______ yards
50, 20, 7
Management assumes employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can “organization as a rational machine”
Theory X
What is not considered part of the paramilitary structure
Theory Y
Management assumes employees may be ambitious, self-motivated, and anxious to accept greater responsibility, and anxious to accept greater responsibility, and exercise self-control, self-direction, autonomy and empowerment
Theory Y
Under characteristics of the police culture, what is Cynicism
Hobbesian view of social work (skeptic/self-motivated)
The peace officer works for and services ____ of the community in which he is employed
Citizens
The quality driven police agency and its employees must consider themselves as a business venture in which a ____ degree of value is placed on quality of customer service
High
What are the alternatives to the classic police model
Participative and theory Y
Police culture shall never be _____ and _____
political, socially liberal
What are the 3 characteristics to a paramilitary organizational structure
Authoritarian, Chain of command, and micromanagement
