Professional Leadership And Specialized Roles

Question 1

McGuffey Readers

Answer 1

Series of leveled primers commonly used for reading instruction in the 1800s

Question 2

Balanced Literacy

Answer 2

Includes a combination of explicit and systematic phonics instruction and immersion in authentic reading and writing experiences

Question 3

Theory of Behaviorism

Answer 3

Shaped by several such as Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner; popular in the early to mid 1900s; centers around the belief that learners respond to external stimuli, if behaviors are reinforced they will be continued

Question 4

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 4

Occurs when stimuli are added after desired behaviors are demonstrated

Question 5

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 5

Occurs when stimuli are removed after desired behaviors are demonstrated

Question 6

Cognitivism

Answer 6

Popular in the 1960’s after behaviorism; argued that there are many internal processes that affect learning; when presented with new info students attempt to make sense of it based on prior knowledge and other factors

Question 7

Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

Answer 7

Suggests all children go through the same four stages of cognitive development yet the rate at which they proceed through the stages may vary; sensorimotor -> preoperational -> concrete operational -> formal operational

Question 8

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 8

Birth until 2 years; explore the world around them using their senses including grabbing; and chewing objects; behaviors caused by reflexes; learn that behaviors can influence environment

Question 9

Preoperational Stage

Answer 9

Age two til about seven; begin thinking symbolically; engage in symbolic play, begin using words to represent what they want; egocentric have trouble seeing other people’s perspectives

Question 10

Concrete Operational

Answer 10

Age seven til about twelve; begin to think logically may still struggle with abstract ideas; becoming less egocentric

Question 11

Formal Operational

Answer 11

Age twelve through adulthood; capable of abstract and logical thoughts

Question 12

Schema Theory

Answer 12

Suggests that when people learn new concepts, the new knowledge gets organized into units called schemata; schemata include all of the information that is known about the concepts

Question 13

Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory

Answer 13

Constructive learning theory; children interact in social and cultural contexts, through these interactions cognitive development takes place

Question 14

Literacy Processing Theory

Answer 14

Marie Clay suggests that all children approach learning to read with different background knowledge and experiences, which results in students taking different paths to becoming proficient readers and writers

Question 15

John Dewey

Answer 15

Contributed to constructivist theory; believed that people are active learners who learn by doing rather than passively receiving knowledge; believed for teaching of symbolic concepts to be effective students need opportunities to explore symbols in context

Question 16

Theory of Learnable Intelligence

Answer 16

David Perkins theorized that humans have three types of intelligence: neutral, experiential, reflective intelligence

Question 17

Neutral Intelligence

Answer 17

Determined by genetics and cannot be changed

Question 18

Experiential Intelligence

Answer 18

Developed by the types of experiences one has

Question 19

Reflective Intelligences

Answer 19

Refers to a person’s ability to problem-solve and reason

Question 20

Transactional Theory of the Literary Work

Answer 20

Louse Rosenblatt suggests that reading involves a transaction between the reader and the text; different readers may take different meanings from the same text

Question 21

Socio-Psycholinguistic Theory of Reading Instruction

Answer 21

Kenneth Goodman explained that reading involves the interaction between thinking and language; supports the use of running records to record reading behaviors and miscues

Question 22

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Personality Traits

Answer 22

Outlines four different scales that affect personality; attempt to explain differences in the ways people perceive the world and interact with those around them; introverts, extroverts, sensing; intuition; thinking; feeling; judging; perceiving