Curriculum And Instruction Flashcards
What is self-directed learning?
Environment where students are given a sense of agency that enhances self-motivation, feelings of ownership and responsibility for their own learning
Lecturer
Teacher role in student learning where the teacher delivers direct instruction to students
Facilitators
Teacher role in student learning teachers guide students in learning while offering support, scaffolding and assistance when necessary. Effective in active and open, ended learning situations where students explore practice and engage in creative problem solving
Active learners
Students participate and interact throughout the learning process
Group participants
Students build upon one another’s skills, abilities, and experiences to solve problems, explore new information and understand new perspectives to enhance overall learning experience
Howard Gardener’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Every student learns differently and has unique needs; visual spatial, linguistic, musical, naturalistic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, logical-mathematical, bodily-kinesthetic
Visual / Spatial
Prefer visual representations, able to visualize with the mind’s eye, excels in activities incorporating drawing, building, creative expression, and manipulatives
Logical-Mathematical Learners
Prefer activities that require order, analysis, and problem-solving using logical reasoning. Excels in solving math equations, conducting science experiments, puzzles and analyzing data
Verbal-Linguistic
Prefers learning through reading, writing, speaking and listening. Skilled in acquiring foreign languages. Excels in activities that incorporate discussion, debate, oral presentations and written assignments
Bodily-Kinesthetic Learners
Prefer hands-on learning experiences that involve movement and physical and interaction with the learning environment. Excels in activities that involve sports, dance, building, and hands-on projects
Interpersonal Learners
Prefers learning opportunities that involve communicating and collaborating with others. Excels in partner, small group, and whole-group learning activities.
Intrapersonal Learners
Prefer to learn and work independently. Usually possess a strong sense of self-awareness. Excels in activities that allow for independent, self-paced learning and self-reflection
Musical Learners
Learn best when music is incorporated into instruction. Prefers using songs, mnemonic devices and rhythms to learn concepts and retain information
Naturalistic Learners
Learns best when opportunities to connect with nature are incorporated into instruction. Prefer activities such as nature walks, identifying and classifying elements of nature and working outside
Characteristics of Auditory Learners
Easily gather and process information through listening; enjoy speaking may participate frequently in class discussion; read alouds, discussions, lectures, audio books benefit these learners
Characteristics of Visual Learners
Easily gather and process information by observing; benefit from seeing written words, photographs, models or any visual presentation of information; provide graphic organizers, use real life pictures and objects to teach new concepts
Characteristics of tactile learners
Prefer learning through physical touch; benefit from frequent opportunities to feel and manipulate items during instruction; trace cards, textured materials, letter tiles
Characteristics of Kinesthetic Learners
Learn best by doing; benefit from watching people model how to do things and being given opportunities to do things themselves and opportunities to be active within the classroom; incorporating active ways for students to learn and practice new concepts like a science experiment or human number lines
Rapid word identification
The quick, effortless and accurate recognition of individual words when reading; use phonics skills and semantic and syntactic clues to automatically read words
High-Frequency Sight Words
Most commonly appearing words found in print
Onset
Composed of the initial consonants or consonant blends in syllables
Rimes
Consist of the vowels and remaining consonants that follow
Phonemic awareness
Most advanced phonological awareness skill; focused on the ability to identify and manipulate sounds at the phoneme level only
Phonemes
The smallest unit of speech
Phoneme Isolation
The ability to identify specific phonemes in spoken word; identifying beginning, middle, and end sounds
Phonological Awareness
Refers to the ability to identify and manipulate sounds in spoken language; identifying and manipulating sounds at the word, syllable or phoneme level
Phoneme Identification
Identifying common sound in a list of words that have either the same beginning, middle, or ending sound
Phoneme Characterization
Students are given a set of words in which all but one have the same beginning, middle, or end phoneme and they must identify the word that doesn’t belong
Blending
More complex skill; students are given the phonemes that make up a word in isolation then identify the whole word formed by putting the phonemes together
Segmentation
Students are given a whole word and must identify the individual phonemes that make up the word
Phoneme Deletion
Involves removing one phoneme from a word and identifying what new word was formed
Phoneme Substitution
Involves changing one phoneme in a word and identifying what new word was formed
Elkonin Boxes
Tool used to teach phoneme blending and segmentation, a series of connected boxes on paper each box represents one sound in a word
Phonics
The relationship between letters and the sounds they make
Encoding
When students use knowledge of letter-sound relationships to write words
Fluency
Reading accurately with appropriate speed and intonation
Decoding
The process of translating print to speech which is done by translating graphemes into phonemes
Graphemes
Letters or groups of letters that represent a single sound
Closed Syllables
End in a consent and usually have a short vowel
Open Syllables
End in a vowel and usually have a long vowel sound
R-Controlled Vowel Syllables
1 vowel letter followed by the consonant r, the r changes the sound the vowel makes
Vowel Digraph Pairs
Two or more vowel letters next to each other in a word that make one vowel sound
Vowel-Consonant Silent-e Syllables
One vowel letter followed by a consonant and a final silent e; usually has a long vowel sound
Consonant-le Syllables
One consonant followed by -le at the end of a consonant
Consonant blend
Group of two or three consonants that blend together to make a sound, but each individual letter sound is still heard
Consonant Digraph
Group of two consonants that form a new consonant sound when combined
Explicit Instruction
Lessons are purposely planned to address specific skills rather than waiting until problems arise
Systematic Instruction
The lessons follow a carefully planned scope and sequence with phonics lesson progressing from basic to advanced
Implicit Instruction
Progresses from whole unknown words encountered in text to part breaking down the words in order to decode them
Alphabetic principle
Each letter makes a predictable sound
Concepts of print
Conventions used to convey meaning in printed text
Homographs
Words that are spelled the same but may be pronounced differently and have different meanings (ex. Bat - baseball bat and the animal)
Compound Words
Formed by combining two or more words to form one word with a new, unique meaning
Definition Clue
A definition for the unfamiliar word is provided somewhere within the same sentence
Antonym Clue
An antonym or contrasting definition of the unfamiliar word is provided somewhere within the same sentence
Synonym Clue
A synonym for the unfamiliar word is provided somewhere within the same sentence
Inference Clues
The unknown word’s meaning is not explicitly given and the reader must infer it from the context of the sentence
Affixes
Letters or groups of letters that are added to root words
Prefix
A letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a root word; it modifies the existing word’s meaning and a new word is formed
Suffix
A letter or group of letters added to the end of a root word; sometimes changes the meaning of the root word and forms a new word; may also change the part of speech of the word