PROF ED 11 Flashcards
An inquiry or investigation to find
solutions to a problem, to address or meet a
need, and to provide new knowledge and
information
Research
A tool necessary for improving knowledge, for advancing progress, and for making man capable of relating more efficiently to the world he lives in, to fulfill his purposes, and to find solution to the conflicts he is in.
Research
Contains scientific message that is clear, useful and exciting.
Good Research
The topic must be engaging to your interests and
expertise.
Personal interests and competence
it promises to provide new knowledge or information, or even offer a solution to an existing problem.
Relevance
Availability of relevant data, limits and constraints of time and resources, samples, and manageability of
research methodology.
Feasibility
Entails redefining and refining a research problem; to avoid duplication of previous research works.
Literature search and review
Clarify the purpose of your research study and determine the bounds or scope of what will be studied.
Research Questions
Defines the preceding conditions for the collection and
analysis of data in a relevant manner and will best resolve the issues regarding the research purpose.
Formulation of the research design
Describes the activities that you need to undertake to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret needed data.
Data Collection and Analysis
Presents and interpolate the answers to the formulated
research question.
Reporting of the results and findings of
the study
This is by joining various fora like In-house reviews, research presentations, and by way of publication
Dissemination of the results and findings of
the study
Format of a research paper ranges from?
4 to 7 chapters
The thesis format of writing scientific paper
Chapter I : The Problem and its Setting
Chapter II : Review of Related Literature and Studies
Chapter III : Research Methodology
Chapter IV : Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of Data
Chapter V : Summary of the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
It tackles the nature of the problem, the arousal of the problem, even the reason why such study was conducted.
Chapter I : The Problem and its Setting
Parts of Chapter I
Introduction, Statement of the Problem, Conceptual or Theoretical Framework, Significance of the Study, Scope and Delimitation, and Definition of Terms
This states the reasons why the particular
research problem is selected for investigation.
Introduction
This is a discussion of the research problem/s
to be addressed or solved by the proposed
research.
Statement of the Problem
Serves as the backbone of the research.
Conceptual or Theoretical Framework
The importance, contribution or expected utility of this research to contemporary concerns and to the scientific/artistic domain of the field of study.
Significance of the Study
Includes the variables of the study, indicators, or measures, population and respondents of the study, processes to be considered in gathering the data of the study, venue, period wherein the study will take place.
Scope and Delimitation
The words that were consider are the important variables of the study
Definition of Terms
This discusses the literature related to the proposed
research.
Chapter II : Review of Related
Literature and Studies
Serves as the tools in answering the problem, it
depicts the process and shows the “how” of the
study.
Chapter III : Research Methodology
Parts of Chapter III
The Research Design, The Research Locale, The Samples and Sampling Technique, Research Instruments, Procedure of the Study, Ethics in Research, and Statistical Analysis of Data.
Describe the design used in the study. Justify why
this design is most appropriate for the study.
The Research Design
This part depicts the “where” of the study.
The Research Locale
Discuss the respondents of the study with
emphasis on the manner of selecting the
respondents
The Samples and Sampling Technique
Discuss the types of instrument that will be used in
the study, how they will be answered by the
respondents and how it will be scored and also on
how the instruments will be administered, how long
will be administered, and who will administer the
instruments.
Research Instruments
Discuss the process on how the research will
be undertaken.
Procedure of the Study
Focuses on securing that the conduct,
results, and other things governing the study
does not violate any ethical concerns and will
not result to any ethical issues.
Ethics in Research
Covers the interpretations, summarisation,
and visualization of the gathered data for an
easier way to discuss the gathered data.
Statistical Analysis of Data
Describes the summarized or statistically
treated data that is presented in a tabular or
graphical form.
Chapter IV : Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data
Answers each stated research question in the
form of a generalization derived from the
analysis and interpretation of findings.
Chapter V : Summary of the Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Sources of a good research problem for student-researchers.
Actual Problems Encountered, Field of Specialization, Analysis of an area of knowledge, Consideration of an Existing Practices and Needs, Absence or lack of information resulting to a gap on one’s knowledge and contradictory results, conflicting theories or hypotheses and insufficiency of existing data, Recommendations of conducted research studies, The University research agenda as provided by the University Research Services Department, and Researchable areas that are related to your field of specialization.
In writing this, the connection between dependent and independent variables, input-output, stimulus and response must always be observed.
Title of the Study
This part of the research proposal establishes
the justification in terms of the need of conducting the study.
The Problem and its Setting
This has the following characteristics:
1) Each research questions or problem statement must be stated with precision, accuracy, and clarity.
2) It can be stated either in the declarative or interrogative form.
3) It can be either one main statement/question, or a series of statements/questions, or a combination of
these forms. In the study of this course, you have to use a combination of these forms.
4) The problem should be defined in terms of the data that can be obtained.
Statement of the Problem
Two classifications of research question or problem statement.
the general problem and specific problems.
a broad statement that uses comprehensive and abstract concepts.
general problem statement
a detailed statement of objective, problem or target, which uses measurable and achievable concepts
specific problem statement
This is the next thing to do after formulating the general research question or problem statement.
Writing Specific Questions
A conjectural statement showing the relationship between variables under study; always in declarative sentence form.
hypothesis
A predictive statement that represents a very specific proposed answer to the problem statement.
Research Hypothesis
Two Types of Hypothesis
Null and Alternative Hypo
It represents what the investigation doubts as true.
Null Hypothesis (Ho)
This is where the experimenter or researcher believes to be true and wishes to prove.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
the contradictory statement of the null hypothesis.
alternative statement
The foundations or basis of your study.
The Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
This is by means of finding supporting
facts, arguments, and theories that could
support your claims, involving the variables
under study.
The Conceptual and Theoretical Framework
This reflects your personal “bias” in which you
want your study to be anchored on.
example of a conceptual framework
one which gives clarity to a certain concept or
idea
Theoretical Framework
Describes the variables which are to be manipulated; independent variable
Input
Receives the effect of the variables manipulated; dependent variable
Output
Sets the boundaries of the study
according to the respondents, participants or
subjects of the study
Scope
Are those conditions which are beyond the grasp of the
researcher such as the restriction on formulation of
the conclusions of the study and the application to
other situations.
delimitations
This section of the research study defines the
relevance of the study.
Significance of the Study
The question of who shall be benefited
and how they shall be benefited by the study
should be answered in this part.
Significance of the Study
This is to avoid confusing meaning leading to
misunderstanding and various interpretations of
concepts.
Definition of Terms
Two Major types of Definition of Terms
Conceptual and Operational Definition
the denotation, or the meaning based on the dictionary.
Conceptual Definition
meaning of the concept or term as used in a particular study.
Operational Definition
helps in defining or redefining a research problem as it offers theoretical and conceptual frameworks about the chosen research topic.
RRL
a method of formatting
information sources you have used in your
written work.
Referencing
quoting another person word for word
making a direct quotation
re-stating thoughts of others in your own words
paraphrasing
stating in condensed form the materials reviewed
summarizing
Here, you are going to synthesize the review
and emphasize the dissimilarities and
parallelism of the same to the present study.
Comparing the Present Study and Those that were Reviewed
This section discusses the method of research and
the design to be used.
Research Methods and Design
has a wider scope than the scope of a research design
Research Method
If the research method is a qualitative one, what are the research designs categorized under it?
case study, phenomenological, grounded
theory or ethnography
If the research method is a quantitative one, what are the research designs categorized under it?
descriptive-normative,
descriptive-qualitative, descriptive-correlational,
and descriptive-experimental types.
This is actually exploratory. It is used to get deeper into the issues of interest and explore information that are related to the problem at hand.
Qualitative Method
The data is non-numeric, and the selection of sample is purposive.
Qualitative Method
This is descriptive or causative in nature.
Quantitative Method
The data are numeric, can be
counted; The samples are chosen using non-purposive sampling.
Quantitative Method
The proves in inductive.
Qualitative Method
Statistical tests are used and
the process is deductive.
Quantitative Method
Types of Qualitative Method
Case Study, Ethnography, Phenomenological Research, Grounded Theory
The process of conducting a case
begins with the selection of the case.
Case Study
the focus is on human society with the goal of describing and interpreting the culture of a group.
Ethnography
The aspects that may be used to conduct an Ethnography Study
Immersion and Interviews
(Ethnography) in the site as a participant
observer.
Immersion
(Ethnography) (formal or informal),
analysis of documents, records, and
artifacts also constitute the data set
along with a field worker’s diary of each
day’s happenings, personal feelings,
impressions or insights with regard to
some events.
Interviews
It aims to describe the phenomenon.
Phenomenological Research
It is the study of experience from the standpoint of those who live it
Grounded Theory
Types of Quantitative Method
Descriptive-normative research, Descriptive-Correlational, Descriptive-Evaluative study, Descriptive-developmental research, and Experimental Research
provides descriptive information about the
demographic nature of a certain group of
individuals.
Descriptive-normative research
Establishes the significant relationship between two variables under study; The relationship may be direct
or inverse.
Descriptive-Correlational
Has at least one criterion so that in addition to the
description, some evaluative judgment can be
made about the research.
Descriptive-Evaluative study
Inclined to produce and innovate materials, devices, and products.
Descriptive-developmental research
describes what will happen when certain variables are carefully controlled and manipulated
Experimental Research
Describes the physical location where the study will take place.
Research Locale
This requires small sample size of participants, subjects, or respondents of the study.
Qualitative Method
This requires large sample size of participants, subjects, or respondents of the study.
Quantitative Method
Number of samples for factor analysis
at least 100
Number of samples for regression analysis
the number of items
multiplied by 10
Number of samples for structural equation modeling (SEM)
at least 300 respondents
Sampling technique used in qualitative method
purposive or non-probability sampling
Sampling technique used in quantitative method
non-purposive or probability sampling
In this sampling, every unit has
a chance to be selected as member of the
sample space and such can be quantified.
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Types of Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Random Sampling, Stratified Sampling, and Cluster Sampling
Under this method, each member of the population has
an equal opportunity to be selected as
member if the sample space.
Simple Random Sampling
This is done by writing a name of each
person, object or things on small slip of
paper and deposit them in a box and
after they are thoroughly mixed
Lottery or Fishbowl Technique
Two Techniques to carry out Lottery or Fishbowl Technique
sampling with replacement and
sampling without replacement
(Lottery) involves returning to the container every piece
of paper drawn.
Sampling with replacement
(Lottery) the drawn papers are no
longer returned in the container.
sampling without replacement
makes use of a table which contains rows
and columns of digits randomly ordered by a
computer.
Use of Table of Random Numbers
In this method
of sampling, it is assumed that members of a
population are arranged in a specific order; k=N/n
Systematic Random Sampling.
In this method, a
population is first divided into subsets based on
homogeneity called strata.
Stratified Sampling
involves partitioning a population into smaller units and
then selecting only at random some primary units
where the study would then be concentrated.
Cluster Sampling or area sampling
The population can
be grouped into clusters like cities could be divided
into districts or areas then secondary simple or
systematic random sampling can be done.
multistage
sampling
A sampling where not all
items in the population has the equal chance
to be selected as member of the sample space.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING,
Types of Non-Probability Sampling
Quota Sampling, Purposive Sampling, and Accidental Sampling
A method where there
is a quota for each stratum but sampling is
not done at random.
Quota Sampling.
Representative
samples are deliberately chosen based on
judgment.
Purposive Sampling
This is the weakest
sampling but the most frequently used
because of its convenience. The elements in
the sample are selected because they are
readily available.
Accidental Sampling
What are the Data Gathering Techniques?
Observation, Interview, and Inquiry Forms
This is useful in
gathering information concerning aspects of
material objects or specimen which comes as
either naturalistic or participant.
Observation
This means watching and
describing the occurrence of a behavior in a
natural setting.
Naturalistic
observation
means the observer himself may be creating
the events rather than observing the normal
flow of life events.
Participant observation
an oral-questionnaire
tool of data gathering.
Interview
Technique that may use Questionnaire or, Opinionnaire or Attitude Scale
Inquiry Forms
It is used when factual
information is desired. A definite answer to a
question is needed by the researcher.
Questionnaire
It is
used when opinions, rather the facts, are
desired.
Opinionnaire or Attitude Scale
This describes what the instrument is going to measure, its specific major parts, and the number of items included.
description section
discuss the manner by which the
instrument is to be developed – from the draft form
up to its final form.
development, validation, and test of reliability
sections
discusses the manner by which
the items in the instrument are to be responded to
or answered by the respondent.
scoring section
This part discusses statistical analysis or
tools to be applied to answer the
questions/objectives of the study set in the
first chapter of the paper, and the mode of
analysis in analyzing the data collected.
Data Analysis
An important issue when
conducting a research. It starts the question
as to what is right and what is wrong.
Ethics
encompasses the competence in the conduct
of research, accuracy of data gathered and the
reports written with acknowledgment of data
sources or information, and openness and being
responsible in the conduct and presentation of
research.
The principle of integrity and honesty
means extending equality and fairness in terms of
humane treatment among research participants,
respondent or subjects, and observance of
confidentiality and autonomy of their rights.
The principle of respect for rights and dignity
The research
procedures should not cause harm, stresses, and
discomforts to anyone involve in the study.
Safety of the participants.
A formal consent is ethically valid if
disclosure is made to the research participants.
Consent is preferably given in a form of writing.
Only those in legal age can sign the consent.
Secured consent participants, subject or
respondents.
is the term applied when a research participant is a
minor.
Assent
The identity of the research
participants as well as the information/data
disclosed should be kept with utmost
confidentiality
Right to privacy and confidentiality of
information.
The participation or involvement
of any concerned person must be voluntary, free
from any form of coercion, threat, and promises of
benefits.
Voluntariness.
This jeopardizes the integrity of informed
consent.
Deception
This includes
fabrication, falsification of document, or plagiarism
other acts of violating the copyright law.
Research Misconduct
requires
significant intellectual contribution.
Authorship
It pertains to the creative and systematic presentation
Storyboard
A popular system of referencing is APA format
A brief citation of the source in text and full
A researcher selects 100 students to serve as the respondents of her study
Purposive Sampling
This presentation embraces the discussion and analysis of the data in words
textual presentation
A qualitative approaches describe individual experience of a phenomenon
phenomenology
A researcher aims to determine if there is a significant effect on the physical health of selected students after an intervention has been made
descriptive correlational
generally require the largest sample size
cluster sampling
A research design that investigate a phenomenon in the past
non experimental
A researcher randomly selects his respondents of the study considering their gender
Quota Sampling
This part shows charts, graphs, infographics and pictures
Data Visualization
It clarifies further in a more vivid fashion the facts and relationships of variables in case tables cannot show
graphical presentation
This is a device that contains or presents statistical data in graphic form
Figure
This part discusses what the results would mean in terms of existing knowledge
Summary of Findings
These are inferences and deductions taken from the findings they refer to the end product
Conclusions
It is a multi-disciplinary blend that involves algorithm development, data inferences, and predictive modelling to solve analytically complex business problems
Data Science
Under this, the study population is visited a number of times at a regular intervals over a longer period
observation through longitudinal study
This portion includes a brief of the main problem and the number of subjects
Analysis
The quantitative research is concerned with cause-and-effect relationship
Experimental Design
The purpose of review of related literature and studies is to inform the reader about what already is known
Blind spot
People who are available, volunteer or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling
Convenience Sampling
Jomar aims to use the data presented in a report of commission or higher education
Data Analytics
It is the main content of every table
data presentation
It is used to reveal the data through tables containing number of rows and columns depending on the category
tabular presentation
The use of more than one sampling methods in order to compensate the weakness of one
Mixed methods
It is expected to go beyond just pointing out in every brief statement of what the various
DatA Interpretation
In citing reference, the notes-bibliography format list
Bibliography
In formatting the collected data, in what array do we input the variables under study?
Column
This pertains to the actual creation of recommendations from the facts obtained
Imperatives
The variable that shows the cause of the problem in a research title.
Independent Variable
The variable that shows the effect of the cause located in the research title.
Dependent Variable
These questions contains observable terms or behaviors.
Specific Questions and Objectives
This is the figure that shows the interrelations among the variables under the study.
Research Paradigm
