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GCSE Chemistry (C1) > Products from Oil > Flashcards

Products from Oil Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cracking?

A

The process of breaking large hydrocabons down into smaller hydrocarbons

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2
Q

How can cracking be done?

A

In two ways:

  1. By heating a mixture of hydrocarbon vapours and steam to a very high temperature
  2. By passing hydrocarbon vapours over a hot catalyst
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3
Q

What happens during cracking?

A

Thermal decomposition reactions produce a mixture of smaller molecules.

These smaller molecules are alkanes and alkenes

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4
Q

What are alkanes with smaller molecules useful for?

A

Fuels

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5
Q

What is the general formula for alkanes and what are they?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons

C<em>n</em>H2n+2

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes and what are they?

A

Unsaturated hydrocarbons - they contain a double bond

CnH2n

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7
Q

What can bromine water be used to test for?

A

Alkenes - they turn it from orange to colourless

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8
Q

How can different mixtures of alkenes and alkanes be produced?

A

By using different hydrocarbons

By changing the conditions of the reaction

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9
Q

What are plastics made from?

A

Polymers

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10
Q

What are polymers?

A

Very large molecules made from lots of the same very small molecule (monomers) joined together

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11
Q

How are polymers made?

A

Polymerisation (the reaction of monomers to make polymers)

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12
Q

What happens during the polymerisation reaction to produce polymers?

A

The double bond in each of the alkenes are broken and used to join monomers together in long chains

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13
Q

Draw a diagram showing the polymerisation of ethene

A
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14
Q

What is formed when propene is polymerised?

A

Poly(propene)

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15
Q

Give some examples of uses of plastics

A
  • Bags
  • Bottles
  • Containers
  • Toys
  • Furniture
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16
Q

Why can polymers be made from alkenes but not alkanes?

A

Alkanes are saturated and do not contain a double bond.

This means that it cannot be broken and used to join monomers/molecules together to form long chains

17
Q

Give some examples of new and useful polymers

A
  • Polymers to replace mercury in dental fillings
  • Light-sensitive polymers to be used in plasters to cover wounds so plasters can be easily removed
  • Hydrogels are polymers that can trap water and have many uses including dressings for wounds
  • Shape-memory polymers change back to their original shape when temperature/other conditions are changed. Can be used as stitches that revert back to their original shape when heated to body temp.
  • Fibres used to make fabrics can be coated with polymers to make them waterproof + breathable
  • Plastic used to make drinks bottles can be recycled to make polyester fibres for clothing, pillow filling, and duvets
18
Q

What are smart polymers?

A

Polymers that change in response to their environment

E.g. shape-memory polymers

19
Q

Complete the sentence:

Many polymers are not…

A

…biodegradable

20
Q

What does biodegradable mean?

A

Materials that can be broken down by microorganisms

21
Q

What are the drawbacks of non-biodegradable plastics?

A
  • Unsightly
  • Can harm wildlife
  • Take up space in landfill sites
22
Q

How are plastics made more environmentally friendly?

A
  • Biodegradable - microorganisms break them down on contact with soil
  • Non-biodegradable plastics have cornstarch added. Microorganisms break down the cornstarch, also breaking down the plastic into smaller pieces that can be mixed with soil/compost
  • Biodegradable plastics can be made from plant material. E.g. polymer made from cornstarch that’s used as food packaging
  • Can be recyled - however many different types so sorting is hard
23
Q

What is the formula for ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

24
Q

How can ethanol be produced?

A

Fermentation or hydration

25
Q

Describe how fermentation is used to produce ethanol

A
  • Sugar can be fermented using yeast
  • The enzymes in the yeast convert the sugar into ethanol + CO2
  • This method is used to make alcoholic beverages
26
Q

Describe how hydration is used to produce ethanol

A
  • Can be made through the hydration of ethene
  • The ethene is obtained from crude oil by cracking
  • It is then reacted with steam at a high temperature in the presence of a catalyst
27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of producing ethanol using fermentation?

A
  • It uses a renewable resource, sugar from plants
  • Is done at room temperature

HOWEVER:

  • Only produces small amounts (batch production)
  • Produces dilute, aqueous solution of ethanol, meaning it must be seperated from the solution using fractional distillation to give pure ethanol
  • Is slower
  • Produces CO2 (albeit small amounts)
28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of producing ethanol using hydration?

A
  • Can run continuously
  • Produces pure ethanol

HOWEVER:

  • Uses a non renewable resource, crude oil
  • Requires a high temperature (and high energy)

GCSE Chemistry (C1) (7 decks)

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