Production of x-rays PJ

Question 1

1 eV = ___ J

Answer 1

1.602 x 10 ^-19 J

Question 2

when do we use eV?

Answer 2

when referring to energy particles such as electrons

Question 3

when do we use J?

Answer 3

when referring to energy deposited

Question 4

where do gamma rays emanate from?

Answer 4

the nucleus from nuclear transitions

Question 5

where do x-rays result from?

Answer 5

electron interactions outside of the nucleus

Question 6

what are the 6 characteristic of x-rays?

Answer 6

1. no mass 2. undisturbed by electric fields 3. undisturbed by magnetic fields 4. travel in straight lines 5. attenuated by matter exponentially 6. cannot be focused

Question 7

characteristic radiation is related to what type of interactions?

Answer 7

collision interactions

Question 8

bremsstrahlung radiation is related to what type of interactions?

Answer 8

radioactive interactions

Question 9

what are the two types of collision interactions?

Answer 9

elastic and inelastic

Question 10

what type of collision interactions consist of conservation of kinetic energy and momentum?

Answer 10

elastic

Question 11

what type of collision interactions consist of conservation of momentum while kinetic energy converted to heat/other forms of energy?

Answer 11

inelastic

Question 12

are alpha or beta x-rays more likely to be emitted?

Answer 12

alpha

Question 13

what does bremsstrahlung mean?

Answer 13

german for “breaking radiation”

Question 14

what does the electron interact with in characteristic radiation?

Answer 14

electron-electron interaction

Question 15

what does the electron interact with in bremsstrahlung radiation?

Answer 15

positive nucleus of atom

Question 16

in bremsstrahlung radiation, what can the electric field of nucleus cause electrons to do?

Answer 16

change direction or velocity

Question 17

what is the result of the electron-nucleic interaction in bremsstrahlung radiation?

Answer 17

the change in direction or velocity causes a loss in kinetic energy

Question 18

what happens to the loss of kinetic energy in bremsstrahlung radiation?

Answer 18

kinetic energy must be converted to another form so it is given off as a photon

Question 19

how do you determine the energy of incoming electron in bremsstrahlung radiation?

Answer 19

energy of incoming electron = energy of exciting electron + energy of photon

Question 20

is the energy of the photon discrete when it’s produced by characteristic radiation?

Answer 20

yes

Question 21

is the energy of the photon discrete or when it’s produced by bremsstrahlung radiation?

Answer 21

no; broad range of possible energies; continuous spectrum of energies

Question 22

what happens to the low energy photons in bremsstrahlung spectrum?

Answer 22

low energy photons are absorbed in the target or other parts of the x-ray tube

Question 23

what does the maximum kinetic energy of the electron depend on?

Answer 23

the electric potential in the vacuum tube

Question 24

the closer the electron is the to nucleus in bremsstrahlung radiation, the ___ electrostatic force.

Answer 24

stronger

Question 25

the closer the electron is the to nucleus in bremsstrahlung radiation, the ___ change in velocity.

Answer 25

greater

Question 26

the closer the electron is the to nucleus in bremsstrahlung radiation, the ___ energy imparted to photon.

Answer 26

greater

Question 27

when do bremsstrahlung x-rays and characteristic x-rays occur in relation to each other?

Answer 27

at the same time

Question 28

are low energy photons beneficial for therapy or diagnosis?

Answer 28

no

Question 29

what happens to lower energy photons?

Answer 29

absorbed in housing x-ray tube

Question 30

is the energy spectrum dependent on electron energy?

Answer 30

no; just must be greater than binding energy

Question 31

what is the purpose of x-ray filters?

Answer 31

absorb low energy photons

Question 32

what filter is used in diagnostic x-ray tubes?

Answer 32

thoraeus filter

Question 33

in what direction are x-rays emitted when they have a low energy?

Answer 33

all directions

Question 34

in what direction are x-rays emitted when they have a high energy?

Answer 34

forward direction

Question 35

what type of target is used for diagnostic x-ray

Answer 35

reflection target

Question 36

where are the photons emitted when using a reflection target?

Answer 36

90 degrees from the electron beam

Question 37

what type of target is used for higher energy electron beams?

Answer 37

transmission target

Question 38

where are the photons emitted when using a transmission target?

Answer 38

photons are emitted in the forward direction exit target in the same direction of the electron beam

Question 39

what are the three different forms of energy used in electron beams?

Answer 39

kinetic energy, electromagnetic radiation, heat

Question 40

what is the equation for efficiency?

Answer 40

efficiency = 3.5 x 10 ^-4 Z * E