Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physics Test 1 > Atomic and Nuclear Structures PJ > Flashcards

Atomic and Nuclear Structures PJ Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Physics 101 flashcards AP® Physics flashcards
1
Q

what is the fundamental building block of matter?

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the size of a nucleus?

A

10 ^-15 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the size of an atom?

A

10 ^-10 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the atom is mostly ____.

A

empty space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what were the initial theories about atomic structure? (3)

A

“plum-pudding: model; electrons balance positive charge; neutral matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what holds most of the atomic mass?

A

nucles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the nucleus holds all ____ charges

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what surrounds the nucleus?

A

electron shells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the nucleus consist of?

A

protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of charge does a proton have?

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what what type of charge does a neutron have?

A

neutral, no charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is one unit of charge?

A

1.6 x 10 ^-19 coulombs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how many protons and orbital electrons does a neutral atom have?

A

the same amount of protons and orbital electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

does a neutron or proton weigh more?

A

neutron slightly heavier than proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the mass of a proton and neutron is ____ times heavier than e-

A

1836

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does hydrogen have in its nucleus?

A

1 proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does helium have in its nucleus?

A

1 proton, 1 neutron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the four kinds of force?

A

gravitational, electrostatic, strong (nuclear) force, weak force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what must electrons exist in?

A

a shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what would happen if the nucleus was not held together by a strong force?

A

protons would expel each other away and the nucleus would explode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the cells labeled by?

A

principle quantum number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the formula for the maximum number of electrons?

A

2n ^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the maximum number of electrons the outermost shell can contain?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are electrons in the outer shell called?

A

valence electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what bounds the electrons to the nucleus?

A

attractive coulomb force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the atom called if all the electrons occupy the lower available shells?

A

“ground state”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

in ground state, the electrons have what energy levels?

A

lowest allowable energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens to an orbital electron if sufficient energy is passed onto the electron?

A

the electron is raised to an outer shell or ejected from the atom

29
Q

what is the atom called if an electron is elevated to a higher level?

A

“excited state”

30
Q

what is the atom called if it loses an electron?

A

ionized

31
Q

what does ionization require?

A

a bundle of sufficiently high energy or quantum

32
Q

what is the energy required to eject an electron from an atom?

A

binding energy

33
Q

when a k shell vacancy exists, a higher shell will tend to fill it. what happens to the energy given up by this transition? what is this called?

A

energy is radiated away by a photon; characteristic radiation

34
Q

what is needed to fully describe an atomic species?

A

atomic number Z and mass number A

35
Q

what is the atomic number Z?

A

number of protons

36
Q

what is the mass number A?

A

number of protons plus neutrons

37
Q

what determines the chemical properties of an atomic species?

A

number of orbital electrons

38
Q

what determines the chemical properties of neutral species?

A

Z or the chemical symbol

39
Q

what are atoms with the same number of protons called?

A

isotope

40
Q

what are atoms with the same number of neutrons called?

A

isotone

41
Q

what are atoms with the same mass number A called?

A

isobar

42
Q

what are atoms in a metastable state called?

A

isomer

43
Q

what subatomic particle is just 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together?

A

alpha particle ( α )

44
Q

what is an example of an alpha particle ( α )?

A

helium nucleus

45
Q

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits electrons?

A

beta-minus particle ( β - )

46
Q

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits positrons?

A

beta-plus particle ( β + )

47
Q

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits photons?

A

gamma rays ( γ )

48
Q

what can a nucleus with excess energy do to achieve stability?

A

emit a photon (called γ ray)

49
Q

what is an unstable nucleus referred to if it does not immediately decay?

A

metastable (or isomeric) state

50
Q

what is it called if the characteristic x-ray photon is absorbed is absorbed by an outer shell electron and ejects an electron?

A

auger electron

51
Q

what two things can ionizing radiation cause?

A

DNA damage and cell death

52
Q

what is energy that travels through matter or space?

A

radiation

53
Q

are neutrons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

A

no

54
Q

are protons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

A

yes

55
Q

are photons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

A

no

56
Q

where are gamma rays emanated?

A

within the nuclei of radioactive atoms

57
Q

where are x rays produced?

A

outside the nucleus

58
Q

what is the formula for velocity?

A

frequency x wavelength

59
Q

what is the formula for energy?

A

planck’s constant x frequency

60
Q

as energy decreases, wavelength ____ and frequency ____.

A

wavelength increases and frequency decreases

61
Q

as energy increases, wavelength ____ and frequency ____.

A

wavelength decreases and frequency increases

62
Q

what is the number of ion pairs produced per unit length of path of the incident radiation?

A

specific ionization

63
Q

what happens each time an electron is removed from an atom?

A

a charged atom remains creating an ion pair

64
Q

what is the energy deposited per unit path length?

A

LET (linear energy transfer)

65
Q

what is the unit for LET?

A

keV / μm

66
Q

which has a lower LET: electrons or alpha particles?

A

electrons

67
Q

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

A

alpha

68
Q

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

A
69
Q

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

A

gamma

Physics Test 1 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions