Atomic and Nuclear Structures PJ

Question 1

what is the fundamental building block of matter?

Answer 1

atom

Question 2

what is the size of a nucleus?

Answer 2

10 ^-15 m

Question 3

what is the size of an atom?

Answer 3

10 ^-10 m

Question 4

the atom is mostly ____.

Answer 4

empty space

Question 5

what were the initial theories about atomic structure? (3)

Answer 5

“plum-pudding: model; electrons balance positive charge; neutral matter

Question 6

what holds most of the atomic mass?

Answer 6

nucles

Question 7

the nucleus holds all ____ charges

Answer 7

positive

Question 8

what surrounds the nucleus?

Answer 8

electron shells

Question 9

what does the nucleus consist of?

Answer 9

protons and neutrons

Question 10

what type of charge does a proton have?

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

what what type of charge does a neutron have?

Answer 11

neutral, no charge

Question 12

what is one unit of charge?

Answer 12

1.6 x 10 ^-19 coulombs

Question 13

how many protons and orbital electrons does a neutral atom have?

Answer 13

the same amount of protons and orbital electrons

Question 14

does a neutron or proton weigh more?

Answer 14

neutron slightly heavier than proton

Question 15

the mass of a proton and neutron is ____ times heavier than e-

Answer 15

1836

Question 16

what does hydrogen have in its nucleus?

Answer 16

1 proton

Question 17

what does helium have in its nucleus?

Answer 17

1 proton, 1 neutron

Question 18

what are the four kinds of force?

Answer 18

gravitational, electrostatic, strong (nuclear) force, weak force

Question 19

what must electrons exist in?

Answer 19

a shell

Question 20

what would happen if the nucleus was not held together by a strong force?

Answer 20

protons would expel each other away and the nucleus would explode

Question 21

what are the cells labeled by?

Answer 21

principle quantum number

Question 22

what is the formula for the maximum number of electrons?

Answer 22

2n ^2

Question 23

what is the maximum number of electrons the outermost shell can contain?

Answer 23

8

Question 24

what are electrons in the outer shell called?

Answer 24

valence electrons

Question 25

what bounds the electrons to the nucleus?

Answer 25

attractive coulomb force

Question 26

what is the atom called if all the electrons occupy the lower available shells?

Answer 26

"ground state"

Question 27

in ground state, the electrons have what energy levels?

Answer 27

lowest allowable energy levels

Question 28

what happens to an orbital electron if sufficient energy is passed onto the electron?

Answer 28

the electron is raised to an outer shell or ejected from the atom

Question 29

what is the atom called if an electron is elevated to a higher level?

Answer 29

"excited state"

Question 30

what is the atom called if it loses an electron?

Answer 30

ionized

Question 31

what does ionization require?

Answer 31

a bundle of sufficiently high energy or quantum

Question 32

what is the energy required to eject an electron from an atom?

Answer 32

binding energy

Question 33

when a k shell vacancy exists, a higher shell will tend to fill it. what happens to the energy given up by this transition? what is this called?

Answer 33

energy is radiated away by a photon; characteristic radiation

Question 34

what is needed to fully describe an atomic species?

Answer 34

atomic number Z and mass number A

Question 35

what is the atomic number Z?

Answer 35

number of protons

Question 36

what is the mass number A?

Answer 36

number of protons plus neutrons

Question 37

what determines the chemical properties of an atomic species?

Answer 37

number of orbital electrons

Question 38

what determines the chemical properties of neutral species?

Answer 38

Z or the chemical symbol

Question 39

what are atoms with the same number of protons called?

Answer 39

isotope

Question 40

what are atoms with the same number of neutrons called?

Answer 40

isotone

Question 41

what are atoms with the same mass number A called?

Answer 41

isobar

Question 42

what are atoms in a metastable state called?

Answer 42

isomer

Question 43

what subatomic particle is just 2 protons and 2 neutrons bound together?

Answer 43

alpha particle ( α )

Question 44

what is an example of an alpha particle ( α )?

Answer 44

helium nucleus

Question 45

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits electrons?

Answer 45

beta-minus particle ( β - )

Question 46

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits positrons?

Answer 46

beta-plus particle ( β + )

Question 47

the nucleus of what subatomic particle emits photons?

Answer 47

gamma rays ( γ )

Question 48

what can a nucleus with excess energy do to achieve stability?

Answer 48

emit a photon (called γ ray)

Question 49

what is an unstable nucleus referred to if it does not immediately decay?

Answer 49

metastable (or isomeric) state

Question 50

what is it called if the characteristic x-ray photon is absorbed is absorbed by an outer shell electron and ejects an electron?

Answer 50

auger electron

Question 51

what two things can ionizing radiation cause?

Answer 51

DNA damage and cell death

Question 52

what is energy that travels through matter or space?

Answer 52

radiation

Question 53

are neutrons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

Answer 53

no

Question 54

are protons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

Answer 54

yes

Question 55

are photons affected by electric or magnetic fields?

Answer 55

no

Question 56

where are gamma rays emanated?

Answer 56

within the nuclei of radioactive atoms

Question 57

where are x rays produced?

Answer 57

outside the nucleus

Question 58

what is the formula for velocity?

Answer 58

frequency x wavelength

Question 59

what is the formula for energy?

Answer 59

planck's constant x frequency

Question 60

as energy decreases, wavelength ____ and frequency \_\_\_\_.

Answer 60

wavelength increases and frequency decreases

Question 61

as energy increases, wavelength ____ and frequency \_\_\_\_.

Answer 61

wavelength decreases and frequency increases

Question 62

what is the number of ion pairs produced per unit length of path of the incident radiation?

Answer 62

specific ionization

Question 63

what happens each time an electron is removed from an atom?

Answer 63

a charged atom remains creating an ion pair

Question 64

what is the energy deposited per unit path length?

Answer 64

LET (linear energy transfer)

Question 65

what is the unit for LET?

Answer 65

keV / μm

Question 66

which has a lower LET: electrons or alpha particles?

Answer 66

electrons

Question 67

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

Answer 67

alpha

Question 68

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

Question 69

this is the path of ____ ionizing radiation.

Answer 69

gamma