Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Blood and nutrition > Production, constituents and functions of blood; oxygenation & anaemia > Flashcards

Production, constituents and functions of blood; oxygenation & anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the blood components (4)

A
  1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  2. Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
  4. Plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is plasma made up of (3)

A
  1. 90% is water
  2. 8% is protein (e.g. albumin, antibody, fibrinogen and clotting factors)
  3. 2% is hormones (e.g. electrolytes and nutrients)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of erythrocytes (4)

A
  1. Contain haemoglobin (Hb)
  2. Gas exchange
  3. carry O2 to tissues
  4. carry CO2 away from tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of leukocytes (3)

A
  1. Inflammatory/Immune defence
  2. Innate (Myeloid)
  3. Adaptive (Lymphoid).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the functions of thrombocytes (4)

A
  1. Platelets are derived from (bud off) megakaryocytes.
  2. Act with soluble clotting factors to make a haemostatic plug (haemostasis).
  3. Underlie disorders of thrombosis (clot)
  4. Underlie disorders of haemophilia/haemorrhagic disorder (‘bleed’).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the functions of plasma (8)

A
  1. Aqueous fluid: - exchange carries nutrients to tissues & wastes away
  2. Maintains hydration (volume & hydrostatic pressure of all fluid compartments).
  3. Solute / colloid ingredients: antibodies
  4. coagulation (clotting factors)
  5. binding proteins (bioavailability)
  6. oncotic proteins
  7. osmotic electrolytes (minerals)
  8. hormones (maintain blood pressure; blood cell number).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the blood cell types (7)

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Eosinophil
  4. Lymphocyte
  5. Platelet
  6. Monocyte
  7. Basophil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are erythrocytes created (3)

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
  2. Erythroid-committed progenitor (nucleated)
  3. Erythrocytes (RBS)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are T, B and NK cells created (4)

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
  2. Lymphoid-committed progenitor
  3. T-cells (CD4 / CD8) (marrow-derived progenitors differentiate in Thymus)
  4. B-cells & NK-cells (marrow-derived then Spleen & Lymph nodes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are the granulocytes and platelets created (6)

A
  1. Pluripotent stem cell
  2. Myeloid-committed progenitor (assayed in vitro for ‘colony forming unit’) CFU-GEMM of:
  3. Granulocyte - mainly Neutrophil/polymorphonuclear, incl. Eosinophil & Basophil (in circulation; mast cell in tissue).
  4. Erythrocyte (RBC)
  5. Monocyte (in circulation; macrophages in tissue)
  6. Megakaryocyte (platelet forming)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the stem cell locations (3)

A
  1. Fetal yoke sac: From conception to 6 weeks
  2. Fetal liver & spleen: From 6 weeks - 6 months
  3. Bone marrow: From 6 months onwards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the progenitor/differentiated cell locations (5)

A
  1. Thymus: specialised differentiation of T-cell progenitors.
  2. Spleen: maturation/storage/activation of differentiated B-cells;
  3. Spleen: storage/activation of differentiated T-cells;
  4. Spleen: storage / degredation of differentiated erythrocytes.
  5. Other sites (eg extra-thymic T-cell renewal within gut epithelium) may be important for the renewal of populations in adults.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the prenatal sites of haematopoiesis (4)

A
  1. Yolk sac
  2. Liver
  3. Spleen
  4. Bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the postnatal sites of haematopoiesis (6)

A
  1. Tibial
  2. Vertebral and pelvis
  3. Sternum
  4. Ribs
  5. Lymph nodes
  6. Femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the haematopoietic growth factors (11)

A
  1. Stem cell factor → Pluripotent stem cells → leading to
  2. IL-3; multi-lineage CSF → CFU-GEMM progenitor→ leading to Granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte
  3. GM-CSF (molgramostim) → CFU-GM progenitor → leading to granulocyte, monocyte
  4. G-CSF (Filgrastim) → Granulocyte precursor → leading to granulocyte (neutrophil)
  5. M-CSF → Monocyte precursor → leading to macrophage
  6. IL-5 → Eosinophil progenitor → leading to eosinophil
  7. Erythropoietin (Kidney) → Erythrocyte progenitor → leading to erythrocyte (rbc)
  8. Thrombopoietin (Liver) → Megakaryocyte progenitor → leading to cell producing platelets
  9. IL-6 → B-cell precursor → leading to B lymphocytes
  10. IL-2 → T-cell precursor → leading to T lymphocytes
  11. IL-1 & TNF → Stromal cells → leading to release of growth factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the clinical uses of erythropoietin (2)

A
  1. Drugs used in renal anaemia
  2. given to patients with renal failure to prevent ‘renal’ anaemia (rbc deficit).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the clinical uses of G-CSF (filgrastim), GM-CSF (molgramostim) and thrombopoietin (3)

A
  1. Immunosuppression
  2. bleeding disorder associated with chemo- / radio-therapies for cancer
  3. used prior to bone marrow eradication/replacement (cancer chemotherapy) for harvesting/transplant (after depletion by therapy).
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is haemoglobin composed of (4)

A
  1. 4 polypeptides, each polypeptide has 1 heme
  2. a heme is an iron and a porphyrin ring, the function of a heme is to carry O2
  3. 4 chains: alpha chains 1 and 2, beta chains 1 and 2.
  4. Thalassaemia occurs on beta chain 1 and alpha chain 2, it is a globulin disorder which decreases O2 carrying capacity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What causes renal anaemia (4)

A
  1. RBC production is regulated by demand
  2. hypoxia - kidney (80-90%)
  3. liver releases erythropoietin hormone that activates bone marrow RBC production (erythropoiesis)
  4. hence renal anaemia.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does erythropoiesis require (5)

A
  1. ‘hematinic’ dietary factors
  2. Vitamin B12
  3. folic acid (B9)
  4. Iron
  5. also trace copper and cobalt.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what results in pernicious anaemia (2)

A
  1. Antibodies to intrinsic factor IF protein required for Vitamin B12 result in pernicious anaemia
  2. a deficiency in B12 for rbc production.
22
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed (5)

A
  1. duodenum
  2. upper jejunum
  3. ileum
  4. requiring “intrinsic factor” (IF) protein.
  5. Transported in blood mainly to be stored in bone marrow.
23
Q

How is iron stored (3)

A
  1. temporarily stored as ferritin & hemosiderin in liver reticuloendothelial cells until released for requirement in bone marrow erythropoiesis.
  2. Iron is used in the formation of haem-proteins, and cytochromes in all cells
  3. but predominantly O2-binding proteins in blood (haemoglobin, Hb) and muscle (myoglobin).
24
Q

What causes sickle cell anaemia

A

haemoglobinopathy (SCD) the normal flexibility to traverse 3um vessels despite ave diam of 7um is lost

25
What causes Thalassaemia (2)
1. haemoglobinopathy disordered synthesis of alpha/beta chains of Hb. 2. (Transfusions used).
26
What causes haemolytic anaemia (2)
1. Not nucleated 2. contain no organelles (no mitochondria) hence susceptible to haemolytic anaemia of G6PD-disorder.
27
what causes acute haemolytic anaemia (4)
1. Asymptomatic but oxidant stress 2. antimalarial drugs 3. infection 4. fava beans
28
How are red blood cells metabolised (5)
1. RBC use two inefficient shunt pathways for anaerobic glycolysis, 2. incl. Hexose MonoPhosphate (HMP) shunt (pentose phosphate pathway). 3. Genetic defects in enzymes affect RBC: 4. Genetic deficiency in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6pd), the rate-limiting enzyme of HMP shunt, is an X-linked hereditable disorder, having haemolytic tendency: 5. this haemolytic tendency is Asymptomatic, but oxidant stress
29
what anaemias are caused by nutrition (3)
1. iron deficiency anaemia 2. B12 deficiency anaemia 3. Folate deficiency anaemia
30
what anaemia is caused by decreased survival of red blood cells
Haemolytic anaemia due to G6pd deficiency
31
what anaemia is caused by failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Aplastic anaemia
32
what are the symptoms common to all anaemias (4)
1. Breathlessness 2. Weak, rapid pulse 3. Tiredness 4. Dizziness
33
What are the factors (dietary/hormonal) in the generation of red blood cells (7)
1. Hematinic agents – exogenous substances for rbc manufacture: 2. Iron (Fe3+) for haemaglobin (Hb) synthesis in marrow. 3. Folic acid & Vit B12 for DNA synthesis (new cells in marrow) 4. Haematopoietic growth factors – endogenous: 5. Colony-stimulating factors (CSF) for proliferation of marrow progenitor cells into both red and white cell lineages. 6. Erythropoietin (for homeostatic hormonal increase in rbc production, in response to hypoxia resulting from anaemia) 7. Intrinsic factor, IF (for gut absorption of vit B12)
34
What are pathology anaemias? (4)
1. the main disorders of erythropoiesis. 2. Symptoms: Fatigue if chronic; else, surprisingly asymptomatic. 3. diagnosis from blood smear - illustrations 4. Classified: by change in erythrocytes symptomatic of cause
35
What is hypochromic, microcytic anaemia (3)
1. small red cells with low haemoglobin (Hb) 2. due to iron deficiency 3. typically resulting from chronic blood loss – ulcer, uterine bleeding, haemorrhoids.
36
What is macrocytic (megaloblastic) anaemia (3)
1. large rbc, few in number 2. due to folic acid and/or vit B12 deficiency 3. eg. pernicious anaemia
37
What is normochromic, normocytic anaemia (3)
1. fewer normal sized red cells with normal Hb 2. usually due to acute excessive destruction of rbc – ‘haemolytic anaemia’ 3. eg.G6pd deficiency
38
what does hypochromic mean (2)
1. red blood cells have less colour than normal.  2. This happens when red blood cells lack haemoglobin, the pigment that carries oxygen
39
what does macrocytic mean
abnormally large red blood cells
40
what does microcytic mean
red blood cells that are smaller than normal
41
What drugs are used to treat iron-deficiency anaemia (2)
1. Oral iron–ferrous sulphate 2. Parenteral – Iron sorbitol (deep intramuscular use)
42
What drugs are used to treat iron overload (e.g. from multiple transfusions) (2)
1. Desferrioxamine (subcutaneous) 2. Deferiprone (oral) chelaters
43
What drugs are used to treat megaloblastic anaemia (2)
1. Vitamin B12 and/or 1. folate to replace deficiency
44
What is used to treat renal anaemias
Erythropoietin (replace hormone stimulating rbc differentiation)
45
How is G6PD deficiency (causing haemolyitic anaemia) treated (2)
1. Avoid raw fava (broad) beans (Favism). 2. Check common drugs liable to cause oxidative stress.
46
Which organ is responsible for the production of erythropoietin?
Kidney
47
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies?
lymphocytes
48
What is the role of the spleen in blood function?
Filtering old and damaged red blood cells
49
The buffy coat in a centrifuged blood sample contains:
Platelets and white blood cells
50
Which organ is primarily responsible for breaking down old red blood cells?
Spleen
51
What is the function of fibrinogen in blood clotting?
Converting to fibrin to form clots
52

Blood and nutrition (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions