Formulations for Blood & Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
What are the iron tablet preparations
A
Coated, dried ferrous sulphate 200mg (65mg iron)
2
Q
What are the iron oral drops preparations (8)
A
- Ironorm® ferrous sulphate 125 mg (25mg iron)/mL
- sorbitol
- disodium edetate
- ascorbic acid
- sodium metabisulfite
- propylene glycol
- orange flavouring
- water.
3
Q
What are the iron ampoule preparations (2)
A
- 50mg/mL
- IV infusion
4
Q
What are the iron-modified release preparations (6)
A
- Feospan® Capsules - Clear/red, enclosing green and brown pellets, dried ferrous sulfate 150 mg (47 mg iron)
- Ferrograd® Tablets - Film-coated, red, dried ferrous sulfate 325 mg (105 mg iron),
- Formulated to release iron gradually
- Licensed for once-daily dosage, but no evidence of therapeutic advantage.
- Low incidence of side-effects
- May reflect the small amounts of iron available for absorption as the iron is carried past the first part of the duodenum into an area of the gut where absorption is poor
5
Q
What are the folic acid tablet preparations (4)
A
- 5 mg
- Lactose
- starch
- magnesium stearate
6
Q
What are the folic acid oral solution preparations (8)
A
- 2.5mg/5mL
- Clear, yellow, solution with strawberry flavour
- Mannitol
- glycerol
- hydroxybenzoates
- disodium edetate
- flavours
- purified water
7
Q
What are the folic acid modified release capsules preparations (2)
A
- Dried ferrous sulphate 150 mg (47 mg iron)
- Folic Acid BP 500 mcg.
8
Q
What is tonicity (3)
A
- a measure of the osmotic pressure of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane
- Water moves readily across cell membranes
- If the conc. of dissolved solutes is not equal on both sides, there will be net movement of water into or out of the cell
9
Q
What are isotonic solutions (3)
A
- Isotonic solutions have the same salt concentration as cells.
- Isotonic fluids are used as vehicles for intravenous infusions
- e.g. saline (0.9% NaCl) is close to osmolarity of blood plasma.
10
Q
What happens with hypertonic solution and cells (2)
A
- Water is pulled out of the cell into the solution
- The cell shrinks
11
Q
What happens with hypotonic solutions and cells (2)
A
- Water is drawn out of the solution into the cell
- The cell swells and may burst
12
Q
What are examples of isotonic IV fluids - crystalloids (4)
A
- Saline - 0.9 %w/v (9g sodium chloride in 1L)
- Glucose (dextrose) - 5 %w/v (50g in 1L)
- Ringer’s solution
- Sodium lactate solution for IV infusion
13
Q
What are examples of isotonic Ringer’s solutions (3)
A
- 8.6 %w/v sodium chloride
- 0.322 %w/v calcium chloride dihydrate
- 0.3 %w/v potassium chloride
14
Q
What are examples of isotonic sodium lactate solutions (4)
A
- 6 %w/v sodium chloride
- 3.2 %w/v sodium lactate
- 0.4 %w/v potassium chloride
- 0.27 %w/v calcium chloride
15
Q
What is the use of plasma substitutes - colloids (3)
A
- Large molecules that do not readily leave the intravascular space. They exert osmotic pressure to maintain circulatory volume.
- Smaller volume of colloid required to produce the same expansion of blood volume. Compared to fluids containing electrolytes (crystalloids)
- Used to replace lost fluids and restore blood volume after trauma, burns, surgery
16
Q
What is the albumin plasma substitute (5)
A
- solutions derived from whole blood containing soluble proteins and electrolytes
- No clotting factors, antibodies or cholinesterases
- May be given without regard to blood group
- Isotonic (5% protein)
- concentrated (20% protein)
17
Q
What is the Dextran plasma substitute (3)
A
- Polysaccharides of glucose molecules
- Dextran 70 (MW 70000) IV infusion functions both as a volume expander and a means of parenteral nutrition.
- Provides an osmotically neutral fluid that once in the body is digested by cells into glucose and free water.
18
Q
What are nutrient supplements (9)
A
- Supplement the diet with nutrients that could be missing.
- Vitamins, minerals, herbs, fish oils and probiotics.
- Not a substitute for a healthy, balanced diet
- Available in a variety of dosage forms
- Tablets
- capsules
- gummies
- spray
- powders.
19
Q
What is the tablet preparation for nutrient supplements (5)
A
- Multivitamins and minerals
- Standard dosage form for oral delivery
- Cheap to manufacture
- easy to package
- convenient
20
Q
What are the typical excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (5)
A
- Diluents/fillers
- Binders
- Disintegrants
- Glidants
- Lubricants
21
Q
What are the diluents/filler excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (5)
A
- Lactose
- Starch
- Dicalcium phosphate
- Microcrystalline cellulose
- Mannitol
22
Q
What are the binders excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (2)
A
- Hypromellose
- PVP
23
Q
What are the disintegrants excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (3)
A
- sodium starch glycolate
- sodium croscarmellose
- crospovidone
24
Q
What are the glidants excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (2)
A
- silicon dioxide
- talc
25
What are the lubricants excipients of nutrient tablet supplements (3)
1. stearic acid
2. magnesium stearate
3. sodium stearyl fumarate
26
What is the effervescent tablet preparation of nutrient supplements (4)
1. High dose vitamins
2. Dispersed in water before administration
3. Benefits of tablets + ease of swallowing
4. Hygroscopic and requires protective packaging
27
What are the excipients of effervescent tablets for nutrient supplements (3)
1. Saccharin sodium
2. Calcium carbonate
3. Citric acid
28
What is the hard capsule preparation of nutrient supplements (8)
1. Herbal supplements
2. Plant extracts
3. Pre-fabricated cylinders filled with powders, granules or pellets
4. Two-piece shells (cap & body) in range of sizes
5. Made from gelatin (or alternative)
6. Easy to swallow
7. Contents taste-masked by shell
8. Excipients – as for tablet formulations
29
What is the soft gel capsule preparation of nutrient supplements (4)
1. One-piece shells filled with liquid formulations
2. e.g. Cod liver oil, Omega 3
3. Easy to swallow and taste-masked
4. Flexible shells due to the addition of plasticiser
30
What are the excipients of soft gel nutrient supplements (3)
1. Triglyceride Oils: corn oil, sesame oil
2. Surfactants: Polysorbate, lecithin, sodium lauryl sulfate
3. Co-solvents: ethanol, glycerol, polyethylene glycol
31
What is the gummies preparation of nutrient supplements (3)
1. Alternative to traditional oral dosage forms
2. Chewable and sweet tasting
3. Appealing to children
32
What are the excipients of the gummies preparation of nutrient supplements (4)
1. Pectin
2. Glucose syrup
3. Maltodextrin
4. Flavours and colourants
33
What is the oral spray preparation of nutrient supplements (2)
1. Convenient delivery for patients with dysphagia
2. Buccal absorption via oral cavity
34
What are the excipients of the oral spray preparation of nutrient supplements (5)
1. Water
2. Diluents (e.g. xylitol)
3. Thickeners (e.g. xanthan gum)
4. Emulsifiers (e.g. lecithin)
5. Flavourings
