Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Eng > Production and Utilization of Enzyme (Quiz 1) > Flashcards

Production and Utilization of Enzyme (Quiz 1) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Among various enzymes produced at large scale are
_______ (subtilisin, rennet),
_______ (pectinase, lipase, lactase),
_______ (glucose isomerase), and
_______ (glucose oxidase).

These enzymes are produced using overproducing strains of certain organisms.

A
  • proteases
  • hydrolases
  • isomerases
  • oxidases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Separation and Purification of an enzyme from an organism require:

A
  • disruption of cells,
  • removal of cell debris and nucleic acids,
  • precipitation of proteins,
  • ultrafiltration of the desired enzyme,
  • chromatographic separations (optional),
  • crystallization
  • drying.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The process scheme varies depending on whether the enzyme is ______ or _________.

A

Intracellular or extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In some cases, it may be more advantageous to use __________ cells with the desired enzyme activity in immobilized form. This approach eliminates costly enzyme separation and purification steps and is therefore economically more feasible.

A

Inactive (dead or resting) Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The first step in the large-scale production of enzymes is to __________ the organisms producing the desired enzyme.

A

cultivate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

________ can be regulated and _________ conditions can be optimized for overproduction of the enzyme

A

Enzyme production
fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

__________ are produced by using overproducing strains of Bacillus, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor

A

Proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

__________ are produced by Aspergillus niger

A

Pectinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

________ are produced by yeast and Aspergillus

A

lactases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

__________ are produced by certain strains of yeasts and fungi

A

lipases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

____________ is produced by Flavobacterium arborescens or Bacillus coagulans.

A

glucose isomerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

After the cultivation step, cells are separated from the media usually by ___________ or sometimes by _________. Depending on the intracellular or extracellular nature of the enzyme

A

filtration
centrifugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The recovery of intracellular enzymes is more complicated and involves the _______ of cells and removal of cell debris and nucleic acids

A

disruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In some cases, enzyme may be both intracellular and extracellular, which requires processing of both _____ and ______.

A

broth and cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • Intracellular enzymes may be released by increasing the _________ of cell membrane.

Certain salts such as CaCl₂ and other chemicals such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and pH shift may be used for this purpose.

  • If enzyme release is not complete, then cell ________ may be essential.
A

permeability
cell disruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

__________ hydrolyze proteins into smaller peptide units and constitute a large and industrially
important group of enzymes

A

Proteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Proteases constitute about 60% of the total enzyme market.

Industrial Proteases are obtained from
- ________ (Bacillus),
- ________ (Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Mucor),
- ________
- ________

A
  • bacteria
  • Molds
  • Animal pancreas
  • plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most of the industrial proteases are __________

A

endoproteases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Proteases are used in:

  • ____________ (rennet)
  • ____________
  • ____________ (papain, trypsin),
  • ____________ (trypsin, pepsin)
  • ____________(subtilisin Carlsberg)
  • ____________
A
  • food processing, such as cheese making (rennet)
  • baking
  • meat tenderization (papain, trypsin),
  • brewing (trypsin, pepsin)
  • detergents for the hydrolysis of protein stains
  • tanning and the medical treatment of wounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

__________ are produced mainly by A. niger (Aspergillus niger)

A

Pectinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The major components in pectinases are:

A
  • pectin esterase
  • polygalacturonase
  • polymethyl galacturonate lyase
22
Q

___________ are used in fruit juice processing and wine making to Increase juice yield, reduce viscosity, and clear the juice.

A

Pectinases

23
Q

_______ hydrolyze lipids into fatty acids and glycerol and are produced from animal pancreas, some molds, and yeasts.

o may be used to hydrolyze oils for soap manufacture and to hydrolyze the lipid-fat. compounds present in waste-water streams.

A

Lipases

24
Q

_____________ of oils and fats may be catalyzed by lipases. Lipases may also be used in the cheese and butter industry to impart flavor as a result of the hydrolysis of fats.

o Lipase containing detergents are an important application of lipase

A

Interesterification

25
Q

_____________ are used for the hydrolysis of starch and are produced by many different organisms, including A. niger (Aspergillus niger) and B. subtilis (Bacillus subtilis)

A

Amylases

26
Q

Three major types of amylases are:

A
  • a-amylase
  • b-amylase
  • glucoamylase
27
Q

a-amylase breaks a -1,4 glycosidic bonds randomly on the amylose chain and solubilizes amylose.

For this reason, a -amylase is known as the __________ enzyme

A

starch- liquefying

28
Q

b-amylase hydrolyzes a -1,4 glycosidic bonds on the nonreducing ends of amylose and produces maltose residues.

b-amylase is known as a _______

A

saccharifying enzyme.

29
Q

a -1,6 glycosidic linkages in the amylopectin fraction of starch are hydrolyzed by _________,

which is also known as a saccharifying enzyme.

A

glucoamylase

30
Q

In the United States on the average, nearly 1.3x109 lb/yr of glucose is produced by the enzymatic hydrolysis of starch.

The enzyme _______ also hydrolyzes a -1,6 glycosidic
linkages in starch selectively

A

pullulanase

31
Q

__________ are used in the hydrolysis of cellulose and are produced by some Trichoderma species, some molds, and by some Clostridium species

  • is an enzyme complex, and its formation is induced by cellulose
  • Tricho derma cellulase
    hydrolyzes crystalline cellulose    , but Aspergillus cellulase does not
A

Cellulases

32
Q

Cellulose is first hydrolyzed to cellobiose by cellulase, and __________ is further hydrolyzed to _______ by b-glycosidase. Both of these enzymes are Inhibited by their end products, _____and______.

(same 2 ans.)

  • Cellulases are used in cereal processing, alcohol fermentation from biomass, brewing, and waste
    treatment
A

cellobiose and glucose

33
Q

___________ hydrolyze hemicellulose to five-carbon sugar units and are produced by some molds, such as white rot fungi and A. niger

  • are used in combination with other enzymes in baking doughs, brewing mashes, alcohol fermentation from biomass, and waste treatment.
A

Hemicellulases

34
Q

_______ are used to hydrolyze lactose in whey to glucose and galactose and are produced by yeast and some Aspergillus species.

o are used in the fermentation of cheese whey to ethanol

A

Lactases

35
Q

Other microbial ________ produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, A. niger, and Penicillium emersonii are used in brewing mashes containing barley or malt. These enzymes improve wort filtration and extract yield.

A

glucanases

36
Q

_____________ is used by the antibiotic industry to convert penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic
acid (6-APA), which is a precursor for semisynthetic penicillin derivatives

A

Penicillin acylase

37
Q

For the conversion of fumarate to L-aspartate by aspartase,

  • in industry, this conversion is realized in a _____ of immobilized dead E. coli cells with active aspartase enzyme.
  • ______ solution is passed through the column, and aspartate is obtained in the ____ stream.
  • Aspartate is further coupled with L-phenylalanine to produce ______, which is a low-calorie sweetener known as “___________.”
A

packed column
Fumarate solution, effluent
aspartame, Nutrasweet

38
Q

______ is nearly 1.7 times sweeter than glucose and is used as a sweetener in soft drinks. Glucose isomerase is an intracellular enzyme

A

Fructose

39
Q

Some Industrially Important Enzymes pt. 1

  1. Application: Starch hydrolysis, glucose production
    Ex. of Source: Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus Niger
  2. Application: Saccharification of starch, glucose production
    Ex. of Source.: A. niger, Rhizopus niveus, endomycopsis
  3. Application: Meat tenderizer, beer haze removal
    Ex. of Source: Animal Pancreas
  4. Application: Digestive aid, meat tenderizer, Medical applications
    Ex. of Source: Papaya
A
  1. Amylase
  2. Glucoamylase
  3. Trypsin
  4. Papain
40
Q

Some Industrially Important Enzymes pt. 2

  1. Application: Digestive aid, meat tenderizer
    Ex. of Source: Animal stomach
  2. Application: Cheese manufacturing
    Ex. of Source: Calf stomach/recombinant E. coli
  3. Application: Isomerization of glucose to fructose
    Ex. of Source: Flavobacterium arborescens, Bacillus cougulans, Lactobacillus brevis
  4. Application: Degradation of penicillin
    Ex. of Source: B. subtilis
  5. Application: Glucose to gluconic acid, dried-egg manufacture
    Ex. of Source: A. niger
A
  1. Pepsin
  2. Rennet
  3. Glucose isomerase
  4. Penicillinase
  5. Glucose oxidase
41
Q

Some Industrially Important Enzymes pt. 3

  1. Application: Biopulping of wood for paper manuf.
    Ex. of Source: Fungal
  2. Application: Hydrolysis of lipids, Flavoring and digestive aid
    Ex. of Source: Rhizopus, pancreas
  3. Application: Hydrolysis of sucrose for further fermentation
    Ex. of Source: S. cerevisae
  4. Application: Clarification of fruit juice, hydrolysis of pectin
    Ex. of Source: A. oryzae, A. niger, A. flavus
  5. Application: cellulose hydrolysis
    Ex. of Source: Trichoderma viride
A
  1. Ligases
  2. Lipases
  3. Invertase
  4. Pectinase
  5. Cellulase
42
Q

___________ are commonly used in medicine for diagnosis, therapy, and treatment purposes.

A

Enzymes

43
Q
  1. __________ can be used as an anti-inflammatory agent
  2. _________ is used as an anti-inflammatory agent
A
  1. Trypsin
  2. streptokinase
44
Q

_______, which hydrolyzes the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria, is used as an antibacterial agent;

A

Lysozyme

45
Q

_______ is used in dissolving and preventing blood clots.

A

urokinase

46
Q

__________, which catalyzes the conversion of L-asparagine to L- aspartate, is used as an anticancer agent. And is produced by E. Coli

A

Asparaginase

47
Q

___________ catalyzes the oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide, which can easily be detected. And is used for the determination of glucose levels in blood and
urine.

A

Glucose oxidase

48
Q

_________ hydrolyze penicillin and are used to treat allergic reactions against penicillin.

A

Penicillinases

49
Q

__________ (TPA) and ______ are used in the dissolution of blood clots (particularly following a heart attack or stroke).

A

Tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase

50
Q

The development of biosensors using enzymes as integral components is proceeding rapidly.

Two examples of immobilized enzyme electrodes are those used in the determination of glucose and urea by using _______ and ________ immobilized on the electrode membrane, respectively

A

glucose oxidase and urease

Bio Eng (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions