production Flashcards
What are the 3 major systems important for speech production?
- Respiratory system (sub-glottal)
- Laryngeal system
- Supra-laryngeal system / vocal tract
What 3 things make up the respiratory (sub-glottal) system? What is its function?
- Trachea, bronchi, lungs
- Respiration
What 2 things make up the laryngeal system? What is its function?
- Larynx & glottis
- Phonation
What 3 things make up the supra-laryngeal system (vocal tract)? What is its function?
- Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
- Articulation
Egressive pulmonic airstream def?
- Speaker produces a stream of exhaled air and modulates it to make audible sounds
- Most of the world’s languages use it
Lungs:
- what don’t they have?
- 25% elasticity due to __?
- 75% elasticity due to __?
- don’t have muscles! Just spongy, elastic “fabric”
- 25% → tissue elasticity
- 75% → surface tension of water molecules in blood around the alveoli
Breathing:
Boyle’s Law? (equation & explanation)
- pressure x volume = constant
- increasing volume decreases pressure, leading to ingressive airflow
How does lung volume change?
- movement of thoracic cavity (ribs & diaphragm) is transmitted to the
lungs
Chest movement for inspiration?
- Ribs turn out –> expand chest
- Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
- Volume inc. pressure dec., air IN
Chest movement for exhalation/speaking?
- During expiration, inspiration muscles hold lungs back
- Maintains stable air pressure
- Allows for control of intensity of speech signal
- Breaths happen at “normal” syntactic breaks
Vocal fold vibration:
Opens & closes how?
- Opens: bottom to top & back to front
- Closes: bottom to top & middle both forward and backward
- closure is often incomplete with small triangle open in the back
Vocal fold vibration:
Rate of vibration = ? (measured in ?)
Fundamental frequency (Hz = cycle/sec)
4 Factors that affect vocal fold vibration?
- Age (adults<child)
- Sex (M<F)
- Language (tone, intonation)
- Paralinguistic factors (mood, emotion)
Loudness is affected by what factor? How is this controlled?
- Air pressure
- Passive: flows out of lungs til rest position
- Active - restraining passive air flow
- Beyond - active force
3 phonation types?
- modal voice
- breathy voice (murmur)
- creaky voice
Modal voice def?
- regular vibration of vocal folds
Breathy voice def?
- arytenoids not fully adducted,
- so vfs do not close completely along entire length during a cycle
Creaky voice def?
- vfs very relaxed
- air “bubbles” through
- produced very low vibration rate (30-50/s)
Creaky voice important things to know?
- Common at ends of utterances
- Wide variation among speakers
- Used phonetically in some languages
- Also referred to as “vocal fry”
Open quotient def?
proportion of the cycle for which the folds are open
Open quotient for 3 phonation types?
Modal: oq = 0.5
Breathy: oq = 0.65
Creaky: oq = 0.3
Voiceless:
VF position? VF vibration?
- far apart
- no
Whisper:
VF position? VF vibration?
- less far apart
- no
Breathy:
VF position? VF vibration?
- slightly apart
- yes
Voiced (Modal):
VF position? VF vibration?
- close together
- yes
Creaky voice:
VF position? VF vibration?
- posteriorly: tightly together
- anteriorly: slackly together
- yes
Palatography:
- things to know?
- shows what?
- determine place of articulation of isolated sounds
- Shows pattern of contact between tongue and palate
- palatogram:
→ paint person’s tongue or palate/ridge/teeth
Electropalatography:
- things to know?
- uses?
- more modern
- digital retainer
- specific articulations AND coarticulation
- has clinical applications / uses
Electromyography?
- measure muscle activity
- electrodes attach to muscles to see when they’re active during speech
Electromagnetic articulography (EMA):
- updated version of Electromyography
- silver pellets stuck on lips and tongue
- mid-sagittal design
- tracks movement of pellets, taking into account movement of the head
- used for specific articulations AND coarticulations
Ultrasounds?
- uses?
- Images of soft tissue (not bone or air)
- Used clinically for speech
- Recently for investigating articulation of particular sounds
- Ex. english “r” has many different pronunciations / articulations
Consonants classified by what 3 things?
- voicing
- place of art.
- manner of art.
Manners of articulation?
- stop
- fricative
- nasal
- affricate
- approximates
- tap/flap
What classes make up obstruents?
stops, fricatives, & affricates
What classes make up sonorants?
nasals, approximants, & vowels
What are the sibilants?
/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/
What are the liquids?
/l/, /ɹ/
What are the glides?
/w/, /j/
Primary elements of articulation for vowels?
- shape & position of tongue
- shape of lips
Vowel space (in the mouth) def?
the area in the oral cavity within which the
tongue can move without creating friction
5 english diphthongs?
Vowel + glide:
- /aɪ/
- /aʊ/
- /ɔɪ/
Vowel + offglide:
- /eɪ/
- /oʊ/
