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Phonetics 312 > production > Flashcards

production Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 major systems important for speech production?

A
  1. Respiratory system (sub-glottal)
  2. Laryngeal system
  3. Supra-laryngeal system / vocal tract
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2
Q

What 3 things make up the respiratory (sub-glottal) system? What is its function?

A
  • Trachea, bronchi, lungs
  • Respiration
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3
Q

What 2 things make up the laryngeal system? What is its function?

A
  • Larynx & glottis
  • Phonation
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4
Q

What 3 things make up the supra-laryngeal system (vocal tract)? What is its function?

A
  • Nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
  • Articulation
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5
Q

Egressive pulmonic airstream def?

A
  • Speaker produces a stream of exhaled air and modulates it to make audible sounds
  • Most of the world’s languages use it
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6
Q

Lungs:
- what don’t they have?
- 25% elasticity due to __?
- 75% elasticity due to __?

A
  • don’t have muscles! Just spongy, elastic “fabric”
  • 25% → tissue elasticity
  • 75% → surface tension of water molecules in blood around the alveoli
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7
Q

Breathing:
Boyle’s Law? (equation & explanation)

A
  • pressure x volume = constant
  • increasing volume decreases pressure, leading to ingressive airflow
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8
Q

How does lung volume change?

A
  • movement of thoracic cavity (ribs & diaphragm) is transmitted to the
    lungs
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9
Q

Chest movement for inspiration?

A
  • Ribs turn out –> expand chest
  • Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
  • Volume inc. pressure dec., air IN
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10
Q

Chest movement for exhalation/speaking?

A
  • During expiration, inspiration muscles hold lungs back
  • Maintains stable air pressure
  • Allows for control of intensity of speech signal
  • Breaths happen at “normal” syntactic breaks
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11
Q

Vocal fold vibration:
Opens & closes how?

A
  • Opens: bottom to top & back to front
  • Closes: bottom to top & middle both forward and backward
  • closure is often incomplete with small triangle open in the back
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12
Q

Vocal fold vibration:
Rate of vibration = ? (measured in ?)

A

Fundamental frequency (Hz = cycle/sec)

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13
Q

4 Factors that affect vocal fold vibration?

A
  1. Age (adults<child)
  2. Sex (M<F)
  3. Language (tone, intonation)
  4. Paralinguistic factors (mood, emotion)
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14
Q

Loudness is affected by what factor? How is this controlled?

A
  • Air pressure
  • Passive: flows out of lungs til rest position
  • Active - restraining passive air flow
  • Beyond - active force
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15
Q

3 phonation types?

A
  1. modal voice
  2. breathy voice (murmur)
  3. creaky voice
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16
Q

Modal voice def?

A
  • regular vibration of vocal folds
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17
Q

Breathy voice def?

A
  • arytenoids not fully adducted,
  • so vfs do not close completely along entire length during a cycle
18
Q

Creaky voice def?

A
  • vfs very relaxed
  • air “bubbles” through
  • produced very low vibration rate (30-50/s)
19
Q

Creaky voice important things to know?

A
  • Common at ends of utterances
  • Wide variation among speakers
  • Used phonetically in some languages
  • Also referred to as “vocal fry”
20
Q

Open quotient def?

A

proportion of the cycle for which the folds are open

21
Q

Open quotient for 3 phonation types?

A

Modal: oq = 0.5
Breathy: oq = 0.65
Creaky: oq = 0.3

22
Q

Voiceless:
VF position? VF vibration?

A
  • far apart
  • no
23
Q

Whisper:
VF position? VF vibration?

A
  • less far apart
  • no
24
Q

Breathy:
VF position? VF vibration?

A
  • slightly apart
  • yes
25
Q

Voiced (Modal):
VF position? VF vibration?

A
  • close together
  • yes
26
Q

Creaky voice:
VF position? VF vibration?

A
  • posteriorly: tightly together
  • anteriorly: slackly together
  • yes
27
Q

Palatography:
- things to know?
- shows what?

A
  • determine place of articulation of isolated sounds
  • Shows pattern of contact between tongue and palate
  • palatogram:
    → paint person’s tongue or palate/ridge/teeth
28
Q

Electropalatography:
- things to know?
- uses?

A
  • more modern
  • digital retainer
  • specific articulations AND coarticulation
  • has clinical applications / uses
29
Q

Electromyography?

A
  • measure muscle activity
  • electrodes attach to muscles to see when they’re active during speech
30
Q

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA):

A
  • updated version of Electromyography
  • silver pellets stuck on lips and tongue
  • mid-sagittal design
  • tracks movement of pellets, taking into account movement of the head
  • used for specific articulations AND coarticulations
31
Q

Ultrasounds?
- uses?

A
  • Images of soft tissue (not bone or air)
  • Used clinically for speech
  • Recently for investigating articulation of particular sounds
  • Ex. english “r” has many different pronunciations / articulations
32
Q

Consonants classified by what 3 things?

A
  1. voicing
  2. place of art.
  3. manner of art.
33
Q

Manners of articulation?

A
  • stop
  • fricative
  • nasal
  • affricate
  • approximates
  • tap/flap
34
Q

What classes make up obstruents?

A

stops, fricatives, & affricates

35
Q

What classes make up sonorants?

A

nasals, approximants, & vowels

36
Q

What are the sibilants?

A

/s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /ʒ/

37
Q

What are the liquids?

A

/l/, /ɹ/

38
Q

What are the glides?

A

/w/, /j/

39
Q

Primary elements of articulation for vowels?

A
  1. shape & position of tongue
  2. shape of lips
40
Q

Vowel space (in the mouth) def?

A

the area in the oral cavity within which the
tongue can move without creating friction

41
Q

5 english diphthongs?

A

Vowel + glide:
- /aɪ/
- /aʊ/
- /ɔɪ/

Vowel + offglide:
- /eɪ/
- /oʊ/

Phonetics 312 (5 decks)

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