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Neuro Test 1 > Prodigy > Flashcards

Prodigy Flashcards

1
Q

Prodigy: What are the two main subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system 2. Parasympathetic nervous system
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2
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglionic neurons originate?

A

They originate in one of the peripheral sympathetic ganglia or one of the sympathetic chain ganglia.

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3
Q

Where do parasympathetic nerve fibers exit the central nervous system?

A

Through cranial nerves 3, 7, 9 and 10 and the 2nd and 3rd sacral spinal nerves.

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4
Q

At what point do preganglionic sympathetic fibers exit spinal nerves?

A

Immediately following the spinal nerve’s exit from the spinal canal.

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons found?

A

In the intermediolateral horn of the spinal cord.

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6
Q

How do sympathetic nerves differ from skeletal motor nerves?

A

Skeletal motor nerves are comprised of a single neuron, whereas sympathetic pathways are composed of two neurons which are termed a preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron.

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7
Q

Approximately 75% of all parasympathetic nerve fibers can be found in what cranial nerve?

A

Cranial nerve 10 (The vagus nerve)

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8
Q
  1. Does the parasympathetic nervous system contain both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons? 2. How do they differ from the sympathetic pathways?
A
  1. Yes. 2. Most preganglionic parasympathetic fibers travel uninterrupted the entire way to the effector organ.
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9
Q

All preganglionic neurons (sympathetic and parasympathetic) are cholinergic, and therefore secrete what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Name the two main receptors that acetylcholine activates.

A
  1. Nicotinic receptors 2. Muscarinic receptors
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11
Q

What are the two major types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. Alpha receptors 2. Beta receptors. These receptors are further divided into alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors, as well as beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 receptors.
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12
Q

Almost all of the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are cholinergic, and therefore secrete what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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13
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete norepinephrine considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic

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14
Q

Are nerve fibers that secrete acetylcholine considered cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

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15
Q

Are the sympathetic nerve fibers that terminate in the adrenal medulla preganglionic or postganglionic? What neurotransmitter do they secrete?

A

They are preganglionic, and therefore secrete acetylcholine.

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16
Q

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic neurons located?

A

They are located within the wall of the effector organ.

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17
Q
  1. The majority of sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic, and therefore secrete what substance? 2. Sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers serving what three areas are cholinergic?
A

Norepinephrine 2. Nerve fibers to the piloerector muscles of the hairs, sweat glands, and a small number of blood vessels are cholinergic.

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18
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for increasing cardiac contractility and increased heart rate?

A

Beta 1

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19
Q

What alpha receptor is responsible for vasoconstriction?

A

Alpha 1

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20
Q

What alpha receptor results in inhibition of neurotransmitter release when stimulated?

A

Alpha 2

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21
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for uterine and intestinal relaxation?

A

Beta 2

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22
Q

What beta receptors are located in the lungs that result in bronchodilation when stimulated?

A

Beta 2

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23
Q

What beta receptor is responsible for glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and bladder wall relaxation?

A

Beta 2

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24
Q

What is the thoracolumbar nervous system?

A

The efferent SNS is also known as the thoracolumbar nervous system. It starts in the intermediolateral gray column of T1-12 and the first three lumbar segments (L1-3) of the spinal cord

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25
Q

?? The fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic sympathetic nervous system ganglia is called:

A

Fusion of the inferior cervical and first thoracic SNS ganglia is called the stellate ganglion. It provides sympathetic innervation to the head, neck, upper extremities, heart, and lungs

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26
Q

Which neurotransmitter is present in the central nervous system and primarily involved in the coordination of motor activity in the brain?

A

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter found in the CNS and is mostly involved in the coordination of motor activity in the brain

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27
Q

?? What is the predominant pathway for inactivation of the endogenous catecholamines?

A

Reuptake is the main pathway for inactivation of the endogenous catecholamines, while metabolism by the liver and kidneys is the main pathway for catecholamines administered exogenously.

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28
Q

?? What is the predominant metabolite of norepinephrine found in the urine?

A

Vanillylmandelic acid is the predominant metabolite of norepinephrine found in the urine.

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of muscarinic stimulation?

A

Muscarinic stimulation causes bradycardia, decreased inotropism, miosis, salivation, bronchoconstriction, increased gastric secretion, and GI hypermotility.

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30
Q

What is the affect of sympathetic nervous system activation on heart muscle?

A

There is an increase in the force of contraction of heart muscle.

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31
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

It causes them to relax.

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32
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the liver?

A

It causes the liver to release glucose.

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33
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the gut?

A

It causes a reduction in peristalsis and decreased tone within the lumen.

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34
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the lungs?

A

It causes dilation of the bronchi and mild constriction of blood vessels.

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35
Q

What happens when beta 2 receptors within the coronary arteries are stimulated?

A

The coronary arteries dilate.

36
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect sweat glands?

A

It causes them to release copious amounts of sweat.

37
Q

What are the renal effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?

A

There is decreased urine output and an increase in the secretion of renin.

38
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

It causes an increase in heart rate.

39
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect nasal, parotid, submandibular, gastric, pancreatic, and nasal glands?

A

It causes vasoconstriction and minimal secretion.

40
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect systemic arterioles of the abdominal viscera and skin?

A

It causes them to constrict.

41
Q

What effect does activation of the sympathetic nervous system have on fat cells?

A

It causes lipolysis.

42
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the piloerector muscles?

A

It causes them to contract.

43
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system activation affect skeletal muscle?

A

There is an increase in glycogenolysis and an increase in strength.

44
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect adrenal medulla secretion?

A

It causes an increase.

45
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect coagulation?

A

It causes an increase in coagulation.

46
Q

How does activation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the penis?

A

It causes ejaculation.

47
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder.

A

There is relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the trigone muscle.

48
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system activation affect basal metabolism?

A

It increases it up to 100%

49
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?

A

It dilates the pupil.

50
Q

How does stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system affect apocrine glands?

A

It causes them to release odiferous, thick secretions.

51
Q

In which cranial nerves are parasympathetic nervous system preganglionic fibers found?

A

Preganglionic fibers are located in cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X.

52
Q

Does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect systemic arterioles?

A

There is no effect.

53
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect the penis?

A

It causes erection of the penis.

54
Q

How does parasympathetic stimulation affect the detrusor and trigone muscles of the bladder?

A

There is contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the trigone muscle.

55
Q

How does stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect the pupil?

A

It constricts the pupil.

56
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the gallbladder and bile ducts?

A

It causes them to contract.

57
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect the kidney?

A

There is no effect.

58
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect adrenal medulla secretion?

A

There is no effect.

59
Q

Is there any parasympathetic activity in fat cells?

A

No

60
Q

Does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system have any effect on skeletal muscle?

A

No

61
Q

How does stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect the piloerector muscles?

A

There is no effect.

62
Q

Is there any parasympathetic effects on coagulation?

A

No

63
Q

How does parasympathetic nervous system activation affect basal metabolism?

A

There is no effect

64
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect sweat glands?

A

It produces sweat on the palms of hands.

65
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect the gut?

A

t increases the muscle tone of the gastrointestinal tract and an increase in peristalsis.

66
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect bronchi within the lungs?

A

It causes the bronchi to constrict.

67
Q

How does parasympathetic activation affect the liver?

A

It causes a slight increase in glycogen synthesis.

68
Q

What is the affect of parasympathetic nervous system activation on heart muscle?

A

There is a decreased force of contraction of heart muscle.

69
Q

How does activation of the parasympathetic nervous system affect heart rate?

A

It produces a reduction in heart rate.

70
Q

What two hormones are released into the bloodstream in mass quantities when stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the adrenal medulla occurs?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

71
Q

?? All sympathetic neurotransmitters are synthesized from what substance?

A

All sympathetic neurotransmitters are synthesized from tyrosine. The synthesis takes place in the postganglionic sympathetic nerve ending.

72
Q

Where do sympathetic nerve fibers originate?

A

In the spinal cord and spinal nerves between the cord levels of T1 and L2. From there, they pass into the sympathetic chain and then on to the organs and tissues they innervate.

73
Q

Are postganglionic neurons of the PNS considered to be cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

74
Q

re postganglionic neurons of the SNS considered to be cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

Adrenergic. The exception to this are postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to the piloerector muscles of the hairs, sweat glands, and a few blood vessels. These nerve fibers are considered to be cholinergic

75
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

They are located on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons of either the PNS or SNS

76
Q

What is the primary neurotransmitter of the PNS?

A

Acetylcholine

77
Q

Are preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system cholinergic or adrenergic?

A

All preganglionic neurons in both the SNS and the PNS are cholinergic, and therefore secrete acetylcholine.

78
Q

Cardiac pump function is affected by the SNS and PNS in what three ways?

A
  1. Changing the strength of the contraction (inotropism) 2. Changing the rate (chronotropism) 3. The modulation of coronary blood flow
79
Q 
Apex: Choose the functions carried out by the alpha 1 receptor: (2)
Mydriasis 
Increased insulin release
Detrusor relaxation
Uterine contraction
A

Mydriasis

Uterine contraction

80
Q

?? Norepinephrine can stimulate its own release by agonizing what receptor:

A

Presynaptic beta 2 receptor
(presynaptic beta 2 incr NE)
(presynaptic alpha 2 decr NE)
(postsynaptic receptors regulate organ function, not neurotransmitter release)

81
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at the SNS ganglia?

A

Acetylcholine

82
Q

Where do the cell bodies reside in the SNS?

A

T1-L2

83
Q

Where do the SNS axons exit the spinal cord?

A

Via the ventral root

84
Q

What is the length and type of SNS preganglionic fibers?

A

Short

Myelinated B fibers

85
Q

What is the length and type of SNS postganglionic fibers

A

Long

Unmyelinated C fibers

86
Q 
A patient with Shy-Drager syndrome is at risk for all of the following except:
premature death
malignant hypertension
cerebral hypoperfusion
urinary retention
A

Malignant hypertension.

Neuro Test 1 (3 decks)

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