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Neuro Test 1 > Neurons > Flashcards

Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the negative and positive charge in a cell membranes resting potential?

A

Outside the cell is positive

Inside the cell is negative

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2
Q

What is the term for an electrically charged cell, it is said to be….

A

Polarized

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3
Q

If positive charges flow into a cell, the potential inside the cell becomes? Which is called?

A

Less negative

Depolarization

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4
Q

If positive charges flow out of a cell, the potential becomes? What is this called?

A

More negative

Repolarization

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5
Q

If positive charges flow out of a resting cell or negative charges flow in, what happens to the cells potential? What is this called?

A

Becomes more negative

Hyperpolarization

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6
Q

Movement of what to the inside of a cell causes depolarization?

A

Na+ ions

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7
Q

Movement of what to the outside of a cell causes repolarization?

A

K+

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8
Q

What establishes the resting membrane potential?

A

The asymmetric distribution on Na+ and K+ ions.

The membrane is selectively permeable to K+ (it’s allowed to leave), but impermeable to Na+

SHE SAYS IT’S K+ LEAKINESS

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9
Q

After a cell repolarizes by K+ ions leaving through the channels, what activates to establish the RMP?

A

The Na/K pump

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10
Q

How much of each ion does the Na/K pump move?

A

3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in

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11
Q

What allows the small amount of K+ to leave the cell and create the RMP?

A

Non-gated channels are always open and allow “leaking”

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12
Q

What is the difference between the ion movement that occurs with depolarization/repolarization vs the Na/K pump?

A

During depolarization and repolarization (even RMP) ions are moving down their concentration gradient. The Na/K pump moves ions against their concentration gradient which requires energy (active transport).

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13
Q

Name the 3 states of the gated Na+ channels

A

Resting state (she also calls this potentially active or closed)
Active state
Inactive state

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14
Q

Describe the resting state of the gated Na+ channel

She also calls this potentially active and closed

A

The Na channel is closed, and can be stimulated

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15
Q

Describe the active state of the Na+ gated channel

A

Threshold potential has been reached, the Na+ channel opens and allows Na+ to flow into the cell (depolarization)

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16
Q

Describe the inactive state of the gated Na+ channel

A

The inactivation plug closes and remains that way until RMP is reached. This state can not be stimulated no matter the stimulus.

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17
Q

Where is the inactivation gate in the gated Na+ channel?

A

It is the intracellular gate

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18
Q

What is an absolute refractory period and when does it occur?

A

Period of time when no matter the stimulus, a second action potential can not occur. It occurs during the time when Na+ channels are inactivated.

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19
Q

What is a relative refractory period and when does it occur?

A

Represents a time period in which a second action potential can occur, but only with a Supra threshold stimulus. This occurs immediately following absolute refractory period (RMP -> hyperpolarization).

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20
Q

On an action potential graph, at what point does the inactivation gate close?

A

At the peak

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21
Q

When is the Na/K pump activated?

A

At the completion of repolarization

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22
Q

What conducts the impulse away from the cell body of a neuron?

A

The axon

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23
Q

How many axons does each cell have?

A

Only one

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24
Q

Where are sodium channels principally located on the neuron?

A

On the axon

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25
Q

What is myelin?

A

A lipid substance insulator that may cover an axon

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26
Q

What is the purpose of myelin?

A

It prevents ions from flowing, so conduction down the axon is faster

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27
Q

What type of conduction occurs on myelinated fibers?

A

Saltatory conduction

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28
Q

What are the interruptions in the myelin sheath called?

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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29
Q

How does saltatory conduction work?

A

The conduction jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, this increases the speed of conduction down the axon compared to a non-myelinated fiber

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30
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The junction of 2 neurons

-small space

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31
Q

What end of a neuron is presynaptic and what end is postsynaptic?

A

Presynaptic: axon
Postsynaptic: dendrite

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32
Q

How is an electrical impulse conducted across the synapse?

A

It is converted into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter)

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33
Q

Transmission of an impulse flows in what way?

A

One direction

Axon to dendrite

34
Q

What is an EPSP?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential: it increases the cells charge to less negative

35
Q

What is threshold potential?

A

The point at which a change in polarity must reach to cause an action potential

36
Q

What is the all or none principle?

A

An EPSP must reach threshold potential, and when it does the action potential propagates across the entire cell membrane

37
Q

What causes postsynaptic potentials?

A

Neurotransmitters

38
Q

EPSP increases permeability of what ion?

A

Sodium

39
Q

What is an IPSP?

A

Inhibitory post synaptic potential

40
Q

What ions permeability is increased by an IPSP?

A

Potassium (out)

Chloride (in)

41
Q

What state does an IPSP create?

A

Hyperpolarization

42
Q

Where is acetylcholine used as a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS
ANS
Neuromuscular junction

43
Q

Where is dopamine a neurotransmitter?

A

Brain

Kidneys

44
Q

Where is Norepinephrine a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS

ANS

45
Q

Where is Serotonin a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS

46
Q

Where is GABA a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS

47
Q

Where is Glycine a neurotransmitter?

A

Spinal cord

48
Q

Where is Substance P a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS

49
Q

Where are opioid peptides a neurotransmitter?

A

CNS

50
Q

What is presynaptic inhibition?

A

Reduced levels of calcium can inhibit release of neurotransmitters from vesicles because calcium causes their release

51
Q

How can serum potassium levels affect RMP?

A

If serum K+ is low, more K+ will leak out of cell due to concentration gradient making the cell more negative (hyper polarized).
If serum K+ is high, less K+ will leak out of the cell due to concentration gradient this makes RMP less negative (accommodation)

52
Q

What are the 3 classes of neurons?

A

Sensory (afferent)
Interneurons (association neurons)
Motor (efferent)

53
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

Afferent - send information to CNS

54
Q

What is the function of an interneuron (integrative)? Where are they found

A

Association neuron that connects neurons

They are confined to the CNS

55
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

Conduct signals from the CNS to effectors

56
Q

What is a neuron?

A

An excitable function unit of the nervous system

57
Q

What is a neuroglial?

A

A supportive non-excitable cell in the nervous system

58
Q

What are there more of in the nervous system neurons or neuroglial cells?

A

Neuroglial cells

59
Q

Name the 4 parts of a neuron

A

Cell body (AKA soma)
Axon
Dendrites
Myelin (not all neurons have)

60
Q

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies called when it is in the CNS?

A

Nuclei

61
Q

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies called when it is in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ganglia

62
Q

What direction does the axon carry the signal?

A

Away from the cell body

63
Q

In the CNS what neuroglial cell makes myelin?

A

Oligodendrocyte

64
Q

In the peripheral nervous system what type of neuroglial cell makes the myelin?

A

Schwann cell

65
Q

What makes up Grey matter?

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons

66
Q

What makes up White matter?

A

Myelinated axons

67
Q

What are bipolar neurons and where are they found?

A

They have one axon and one dendrite

They are interneurons which are limited to the CNS

68
Q

What are Unipolar (peudounipolar) neurons are where are they found?

A

They have one process that divides into axon and dendrite

They are sensory neurons

69
Q

What are multipolar neurons and where are they found?

A

They have one axon and many dendrites.

They are Motor neurons

70
Q

Which neuroglial cell can create myelin around several axons?

A

Oligodendrocytes in the CNS

71
Q

What is a microglial cell and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell in the CNS that is a phagocyte

72
Q

What is a Ependymal cell and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell in the CNS that lines the ventricles and secretes CSF

73
Q

What is an Astrocyte and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell in the CNS that provides structural support and responds to injury. It also lines the BBB.

74
Q

What is the most numerous neuroglial cell in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes

75
Q

What is a Schwann cell and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell in the PNS that forms myelin around axons in the PNS. Forms the sheath of Schwann/neurilemma

76
Q

What is a capsular cell and where is it found?

A

A neuroglial cell of the PNS that supports ganglia

77
Q

What is the chief non-excitable cell of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

78
Q

Name the layers of a nerve fiber starting with the axon

A 
Axon
Myelin (if it has it)
Neurilemma
Endoneurium 
Perineurium 
Epineurium
79
Q

What are the 3 classifications of nerves?

A

Sensory
Motor
Mixed

80
Q

What size nerves conduct faster larger or smaller?

A

Larger

81
Q

What are CNS bundles of nerves called?

A

Tracts

Neuro Test 1 (3 decks)

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